1. Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding Module 4

2. 2 Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding Circulatory System

3. 3 Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding Circulatory System The blood circulatory system consists of:- The heart, which acts as a pump The blood vessels through which the blood circulates.

4. 4 Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding How The Heart Works? The cardiovascular system, composed of the heart and blood vessels, is responsible for circulating blood throughout your body to supply the body with oxygen and nutrients.

5. 5 Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding The heart is the muscle that pumps blood filled with oxygen and nutrients through the blood vessels to the body tissues. It is made up of: Four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) that receive blood from the body and pump out blood to it. The atria receive blood coming back to the heart. The ventricles pump the blood out of the heart. Blood vessels, which compose a network of arteries, and veins that carry blood throughout the body. Arteries transport blood from the heart to the body tissues. Veins carry blood back to the heart. Four valves to prevent backward flow of blood. Each valve has flaps that allow the forward flow of blood and prevent the backward flow. An electrical system of the heart controls how fast it beats.

6. 6 Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding

7. 7 Types of Blood Vessels and It’s Functions Artery – transport oxygenated blood from the heart. Vein – transport deoxygenated blood from the tissue to the heart. Capillary – enable the exchange of molecules between blood and interstitial fluid

8. 8 Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding Pattern of Blood Flow in bleeding. Artery blood spurt out under pressure. bright red in colour, Vein blood flow describe as a fast moving stream. dark red in colour. Capillary blood oozes out

9. 9 Circulatory Problems What is Heart Attack? 1. Cause by reduction of blood supply to the heart. 2. When heart cells are deprived of oxygen and blood, they begin to die, affecting the ability of the heart to pump. 3. Reduction of blood supply caused by blockages due to dislodged blood clots and narrowing of blood vessels due to fat deposits ( too much cholesterol in the bloodstream ) 4. When the narrowed artery becomes completely blocked by a blood clot, a heart attack can occur.

10. 10 Circulatory Problems Heart Attack

11. 11 Circulatory Problems Heart Attack Causes and Risk Factor high blood pressure diabetes high cholesterol lack of exercise obesity smoking Genetic factor

12. 12 Circulatory Problems Heart Attack Signs and Symptoms Shortness of breath

13. 13 Circulatory Problems Heart Attack First Aid Treatment Position – half sitting position Call for ambulance Reassure the casualty Monitor pulse, respiration, and level of responsiveness Remain with the casualty until help arrives.

14. 14 Circulatory Problems Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow. This can damage multiple organs. Shock requires IMMEDIATE medical treatment and can get worse very rapidly

15. 15 Circulatory Problems Shock Causes Heart attack Severe blood loss (more than 2 litres) Serous discharge from burns Diarrhoea and vomiting (dehydration) Allergic reactions Low blood sugar Hypothermia Drug overdose Spinal Cord injury

16. 16 Circulatory Problems Shock Signs and Symptoms Face pale Pulse rapid and weak Skin cold and clammy Sweating Air hunger Weakness and dizziness Unconscious

17. 17 Circulatory Problems Shock First aid treatment of shock Elevate Legs (see next slide) Loosen constrictive clothing

18. 18 Circulatory Problems Shock Precaution Do not allow casualty to eat, drink, smoke or move unnecessarily. Be with the casualty Do not try to warm the casualty with a hot water bottle or any direct source of heat. (instructor to demonstrate treatment of shock One participant to simulate as casualty)

19. 19 Circulatory Problems Allergy An abnormally high sensitivity to certain substances such as pollens, foods or micro- organisms

20. 20 Circulatory Problems Allergy Signs and Symptoms 1. Sneezing 2. Running nose 3. Itching 4. Skin rashes 5. Swellings 6. Wheezing 7. Breathing difficulty

21. 21 Circulatory Problems Allergy Treatment Ask casualty whether he suffers from an allergy Assist casualty to take any medication that he has e.g. ventolin inhaler for asthmatics. Seek medical attention.

22. 22 Circulatory Problems Wounds Classification

23. 23 Circulatory Problems Wounds Incised wound Caused by sharp object Clean cut Tendons, nerves and arteries damage. Bleeding may be profuse

24. 24 Circulatory Problems Wounds Laceration wound Cause by barb wires and claws of animals Crushing or ripping force More tissue damage Less profuse bleeding Wound dirty, risk of infection.

25. 25 Circulatory Problems Wounds Abrasion ( grazing ) wound Cause by sliding fall or friction Top most layer of skin affected Raw area exposed. Embedded foreign particles. Infection likely

26. 26 Circulatory Problems Wounds Puncture wound Cause by elongated object. Small entry site Stab wound Cause by long bladed instrument. Penetrating ability result in organ damage. Life threatening internal bleeding.

27. 27 Circulatory Problems Wounds Gunshot wound Cause by bullet or missile Serious internal injury Entry wound small, exit wound big.

28. 28 Circulatory Problems Wounds Contusion ( bruise or haematoma ) wound Cause by blunt blow or punch Capillaries bleed beneath the skin Blood oozes when skin breaks.

29. 29 Circulatory Problems Bleeding Objectives To control bleeding To prevent and lessen the effects of shock Minimise infection Urgent removal to hospital in severe bleeding injury

30. 30 Circulatory Problems Bleeding Types of Bleeding External bleeding Internal bleeding Signs and Symptoms of internal bleeding Face pale Cold, Clammy skin. Rapid, weak pulse. Pain. Thirst.

31. 31 Circulatory Problems Bleeding Possible signs of internal bleeding

32. 32 Circulatory Problems Bleeding Treatment Direct pressure application Elevate the affected part Position casualty flat on the floor Transport casualty with armsling Monitor pulse, respiration and level of response. Check circulation at finger

33. 33 Circulatory Problems Bleeding Precaution Do not allow casualty to eat, drink or smoke. Tourniquet is the last resort for severe bleeding Embedded object in wound. Control bleeding without pressing the object into the wound. Pressure applied on both sides of the wound. Precaution Do not remove the foreign object

34. 34 Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding Impalement Do not remove casualty from impaled object. Removal can worsen condition. Notify relevant agency to remove impalement. Precaution (impalement) Do not allow casualty to eat, drink or smoke. Amputation Partial or complete severance of limb Send severed limb and casualty to hospital. Check for shock and treat accordingly.

35. 35 Circulatory Problems Amputation Care of amputated part Prevent deterioration of affected part Do not wash the severed part Severed parts should not be in direct contact with ice. Wrap or place amputated part in plastic bag or wrapper. Wrap package in gauze or soft fabric. Place it in a container of crushed ice. Mark container with time of injury and casualty’s name.

36. 36 Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding Cuts Wash cuts under running water or use alcohol free wipes. Dry wound. Apply cover. Foreign Object in a cut Wash off Remove with tweezers Cover cut

37. 37 Circulatory Problems Eye Wound Signs and symptoms Pain and spasm of eyelids. Bloodshot apperarnce Partial or total loss of vision. Leakage of blood or clear fluid from a wound. Treatment Pad and bandage.

38. 38 Circulatory Problems Ear Bleed Cause Impact to the side of the head Poked by foreign object Explosion Signs and symptoms Sharp pain Ear ache Deafness Watery blood

39. 39 Circulatory Problems Ear Bleed Precaution Watery blood indicates a skull fracture Leakage from around the brain Do not tilt the casualty’s head. Treatment Half sitting position Head tilted to the injured side to allow discharge Apply pad lightly to the ear.

40. 40 Circulatory Problems Nose Bleed Cause Blow to the nose Sneezing Picking Blowing the nose Precaution Watery blood discharge indicates skull fracture. Brain fluid leak into the nose

41. 41 Circulatory Problems Nose Bleed Treatment Sit the casualty with head to lean slightly forward Pinch soft part of nose for 10 minutes Repeat pinching if necessary Do not speak, swallow, cough, spit, or sniff during treatment. After treatment do not blow the nose. (instructor to demonstrate blood stoppage and participant to Precaution If nose bleed persists or is severe, seek medical attention

42. 42 Circulatory Problems Abdominal Wound Cause Stabbing Gunshot Severe blow to abdomen

43. 43 Circulatory Problems Abdominal Wound Treatment Position casualty flat on floor. Apply dressing over the abdomen. Monitor pulse, respiration, response level Treat for shock if present

44. 44 Circulatory Problems Abdominal Wound Precaution If casualty become unconscious, open the airway. When casualty cough, press firmly to prevent stomach organs coming out through wound. Do not touch protruding intestine, Cover with clean plastic bag or kitchen film to prevent drying. Alternatively use a sterile dressing.

45. 45 Circulatory Problems Fish Hook Injury Fishing accident Symptoms Pain Localised swelling Bleeding Objective Prevent the hook from penetrating deeper.

46. 46 Circulatory Problems Fish Hook Injury Treatment Bleeding - Apply direct pressure on both side of the exposed hook. Three methods to prevent hook from penetrating deeper. Place two gauze pads or similar material on either side of the exposed hook. Ensure gauze pads are level with the top of the hook Bandage lightly over the pads and the hook.

47. 47 Circulatory Problems Fish Hook Injury Treatment Place hollow device like an inverted cup over the hook and bandage the cup to secure. Create “doughnut” from bandage and place hollow part over the hook. Bandage to secure the doughnut in place. Eye injury apply eye pad. Seek medical help.

48. 48 Circulatory Problems Fish Hook Injury Precaution Do not remove a fish hook on your own as it may cause more injury due to presence of barbs in the hook..

49. The End Module 4 Circulatory Problems, Wounds and Bleeding For training purpose only. Not for sale