1. EFFECT OF LARGE OPENINGS IN UNBONDED POST-TENSIONED PRECAST CONCRETE WALLS Michael Allen Yahya C. Kurama University Of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN

2. ELEVATION wall panel horizontal joint unbonded PT bar spiral reinforcement foundation anchorage

3. WALL WITH OPENINGS lateral load gravity load opening gap

4. BASE PANEL compression stresses shear stresses

5. CRACKING 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5

6. FINITE ELEMENT MODEL truss elements contact elements nonlinear plane stress elements

7. ABAQUS VERSUS DRAIN base shear (kips) 0 0.511.522.5 500 1000 roof drift (%) DRAIN yielding state gap opening state ABAQUS

8. ABAQUS VERSUS DRAIN roof drift (%) contact length / wall length 0 0.511.5 2 2.5 0.5 1.0 ABAQUS DRAIN

9. BUILDING LAYOUT FOR HIGH SEISMICITY 8 x 24 ft. = 192 ft. 110 ft. N hollow- core panels gravity load frame lateral load frame wall column L-beam inverted T-beam S

10. WALL WH1 CROSS SECTION 12 in (31 cm) 10 ft (3 m) half wall length #3 spirals  sp =7% PT bars a p =1.5 in 2 (9.6 cm 2 ) f pi =0.60f pu C L

11. PARAMETRIC INVESTIGATION opening size opening location prestress level

12. OPENING SIZE hoho 2 feet (0.13 h p ) 4 feet (0.25 h p ) 6 feet (0.38 h p ) 8 feet (0.50 h p ) lolo 2 feet (0.10 l p ) 4 feet (0.20 l p ) 8 feet (0.40 l p ) 6 feet (0.30 l p ) 10 feet (0.50 l p ) lolo hoho h p =16 feet l p =20 feet

13. OPENING LOCATION lolo y 10 feet (0.63 h p ) 8 feet (0.50 h p ) 6 feet (0.38 h p ) lolo 2 feet (0.10 l p ) 4 feet (0.20 l p ) 8 feet (0.40 l p ) 6 feet (0.30 l p ) 10 feet (0.50 l p ) y h o = 6 feet

14. PRESTRESS LEVEL C L high seismicity medium seismicity

15. FUTURE WORK model refinement experimental verification parametric investigation strut-and-tie models design recommendations