1. Animal Regulatory Systems I. Designs A. Systems 1. Why? 2. Nervous Overview

2. Figure 48.3 Nervous system is design for quick response, evaluate, and respond again Electrical response

3. 3. Endocrine Overview

4. Endocrine system design == slow response, evaluate, and respond again Figure 45.11 Chemical response Figure 45.4

5. II. Nervous System A. Nervous Cells 1. Neuron

6. a. Parts of a Neuron == dendrites, cell body (soma), axon hillock, axon, terminal branches (telodendria), and synaptic end bulbs Figure 48.4

7. Figure 48.5 b. Neuron types based on function.

8. c. Neuron types based on structure.

9. Neurons.

10. 1. Supporting Cells

11. a. CNS Supporting cells == Glial cells (astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, ependymal cells, and macrophage) Figure 49.6

12. b. PNS Supporting cells == the Schwann and satellite cells Figure 48.13

13. B. Communication 1. Nerve Impulse

14. The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases Figure 48.7

15. The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases Figure 48.11

16. The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases

17. The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases Impulses self propagate Figure 48.12

18. The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases Saltatory Conduction Figure 48.14

19. 2. Synapse

20. a. Structure == electrical and chemical signals Figure 48.15

21. Neurotransmitters Table 48.2

22. b. Function -- integrated by the number and type of connections EPSP versus IPSP

23. Figure 48.16

24. Figure 48.13 Summation Figure 48.17

25. C. Nervous Strategies 1. Development

26. Cnidarians => nerve netAdvantage? Figure 49.2

27. Platyhelminthes == “brain” and sensory organs to the nerve net Cephalization Advantage?

28. Annelids  ganglia to a ventral nerve cordAdvantage?

29. 2. Vertebrate Nervous System a. Overview

30. motor and sensoryVertebrate nervous system  CNS and PNS, Figure 49.4 Figure 49.7

31. b. Peripheral Nervous System i. Cranial Nerves

32. Mammals 12 pair of cranial nerves

33. ii. Spinal Nerves

34. 31 pair of spinal nerves

35. Spinal Nerve Coverage Dermatomes

36. Components of a reflex arc Figure 49.3

37. iii. Autonomic Nerves

38. Autonomic Nervous System  homeostatic side Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Figure 49.8

39. The Autonomic Nervous System divisions can be distinguished by: Length of Preganglionic Neurons Effects Coverage Network Origin of Preganglionic Neurons Neurotransmitter Released Effectors Receptors

40. c. Central Nervous System i. Development

41. Central Nervous System  dorsal hollow nerve cord Figure 49.9

42. ii. Brain

43. == Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem Figure 49.8

44. The Cerebrum (gray and white matter) Figure 49.15

45. The Cerebrum (gray and white matter) Figure 49.17

46. Brain == Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem Figure 49.8

47. Random thoughts:Reticular formation = Arousal Figure 49.10

48. Random thoughts:EEG = Tracing Figure 49.11

49. Random thoughts:Emotions = Fun?Memory/Learning Figure 49.13

50. iii. Spinal Cord

51. Spinal cord == telephone cable

52. Spinal cord == telephone cable

53. Connections

54. Reflexes

56. III. Endocrine System A. Design 1. Invertebrates B. Animal Strategies

57. Molting (ecdysis)  crustaceans and insects

58. Molting (ecdysis)  crustaceans and insects

59. Crustaceans  eyestalk X-organ (molt inhibiting hormone), and sinus gland Y-organ (molting hormone ecdysone)

60. Insects ecdysis  brain (ecdysiotropin), prothoracic gland (ecdysone), & corpus allatum (juvenile hormone) Figure 45.10

61. Insects ecdysis  brain (ecdysiotropin), prothoracic gland (ecdysone), & corpus allatum (juvenile hormone)

62. 2. Vertebrates

63. a. Glands Figure 45.4

64. b. Hormones == cover all homeostatic mechanisms

65. and then some.

66. c. Effects via a signal transduction pathway Figure 45.6

67. d. Regulation via feedback loops

68. Knowledge comes with the building of ideas.