1. 14th c. Plague devastates Muslim world 1361 Timur Lang (Temür Leng/ Tamerlane/ Tamburlaine/Temür the Lame, r. 1361-1405) comes to power 1370 Timur takes control of Transoxiana, launches campaigns to east and west 1390s Timur crushes Toqtamish of Golden Horde 1398 Timur invades India, sacks Delhi

2. 1399 Timur destroys Sivas 1400 Timur sacks Aleppo and Damascus 1401 Timur sacks Baghdad 1402 Timur defeats Bayezit at Ankara Samarqand

3. 1405-47 Reign of Shah Rukh 1447 Death of Shah Rukh followed by civil war 1470-1506 Reign of Husayn Bayqara 1510 Safavids take control of Persia shari‘a (Islamic Law) Ulugh Beg Herat

4. 640s Muslim raids into India begin Mahmud of Ghazna (r. 998-1030)

5. 1186-1206 Reign of Ghurid sultan Muhammad 1206 Qutb al-Din Aybak assassinates Muhammad, declares self sultan of Delhi 1206-10 Reign of Qutb al-Din 1206-1526 Sultanate of Delhi in N. India 1388-89 Timur raids northern India

6. 1526 Babur defeats sultan of Delhi, sets up Mughal Empire in N. India 1526-30 Reign of Babur, first Mughal Emperor 1529 Babur secures hold on northern India 16th c. Mughals extend control over much of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal and Bhutan

7. 1658 British establish permanent hold on Bengal Later 17th c. Decline of Mughal state in wake of campaigns against religious dissidents Mid 18th c. British defeat French to establish dominance in India

8. May 9th 1857 Outbreak of Indian Mutiny/ First Indian War of Independence 1858 Death of last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, in exile in Burma. Bahadur’s sons are killed by British troops, and India is added to the British Empire July 1858 End of Indian Mutiny/ First Indian War of Independence

9. Taj Mahal, Agra, bt. 1630-48 by Shah Jahan (r. 1628-58) as a mausoleum for his wife, Mumtaz-i Mahal (Jewel of the Palace) Tomb of Humayun (r. 1530-56), Delhi (bt. 1562-71) Tomb of Akbar (r. 1556-1605), Sikadra (bt. 1605-13) Tomb of I‘timad al-Dawla, grandfather of Jahangir (r. 1605-28), Agra (bt. 1622-29) Tomb of Safdarjang, Delhi (bt. 1754)