7. Cornelius epistulam scribit.
Nuntius ad pueros appropinquat.

10. Cur Cornelius solus sedet?
Ubi Marcus et Sextus et Cornelia errant?
Quos spectant in agris?
Quis advenit?
Quem nuntius petit?
Cur princeps senatores Romanos ad urbem revocat?
Quis clamat “eugepae”? Cur?
Cur gemit Cornelia?

11. Obiectum Singulare Obiectum plurale Pater epistulam legit.
Pater epistulas legit.
Obiectum Singulare
Obiectum plurale
epistulam
epistulas

12. Puella duos pueros salutat.
Puella puerum salutat.
Puella duos pueros salutat.
Obiectum Singulare
Obiectum plurale
epistulam
epistulas
puerum
pueros

13. Obiectum Singulare Obiectum plurale Sextus arborem ascendere amat.
Sextus arbores ascendere amat.
Obiectum Singulare
Obiectum plurale
epistulam
epistulas
puerum
pueros
arborem
arbores

14. Find the direct object in each sentence and make it plural.
epistulam epistulas
puerum pueros
arborem arbores
Pueri in viā conspiciunt.
Princeps ad urbem revocat.
Cornelia et Flavia in agris spectant.
Princeps consulere vult.
Nuntius statim tradit.
Pueri in agris petunt.
ancillae coquere parant.
Pueri prope viā audiunt.
Cornelia non adiuvat.
Aurelia reprehendere non timet.
puellam
puellas
senatores
senatorem
servum
servos
viros
virum
epistulam
epistulas
patrem
patres
Multum cibum
Multos cibos
magnos fragores
magnum fragorem
matrem defessam
matres defessas
servos ignavos
servum ignavum

15. We now have four different forms for each noun…
Feminine Nouns
Puella est amica.
Puellam lupus terret.
Puellae sunt amicae.
Puellas lupus terret.
Masculine Nouns
Servus est vir.
Servum Cornelius reprehendit.
Servi sunt viri.
Servos Cornelius reprehendit.
Other Guys
Arbor est in silvā.
Arborem Sextus ascendit.
Arbores sunt in silvā.
Arbores Sextus ascendit.
...and three different kinds of nouns.

16. Use Feminine Masculine Other Guys
Subiectum or
Complementum
Puella est amica.
The girl is a friend.
Servus est vir.
The slave is a man.
Arbor est in silvā.
The tree is in the woods.
Obiectum Directum
Puellam lupus terret.
The wolf scares
the girl.
Servum Cornelius reprehendit.
Cornelius scolds the slave.
Arborem Sextus ascendit.
Sextus climbs the tree.
Subiectum or Complementum
Puellae sunt amicae.
The girls are friends.
Servi sunt viri.
The slaves are men.
Arbores sunt in silvā.
The trees are in the woods.
Puellas lupus terret.
The wolf scares the girls.
Servos Cornelius reprehendit.
Cornelius scolds the slaves.
Arbores Sextus ascendit.
Sextus climbs the trees.
Case
Use
Feminine
Masculine
Other Guys
& Use
Nominative Sing
Singular
Accusative Sing
Singular
Nominative Pl
Plural
Accusative Pl
Plural

17. Cases
The word “case” refers to the ending that appears at the end of a Latin word.
Puella is in a different case from Puellam because they have different endings (-a vs. –am).
A Latin word changes its case when it changes its function in a sentence.
When puella goes from subject to object, it changes its “case” from puella to puellam.

18. Cases Latin cases have special names that are unfamiliar to you.
Latin nouns that are subjects are in the nominative case.
Puellae, vir, arbores, servi, epistula, vox are all in the nominative case because they have case endings that show they are the subject or complement of a sentence.
Latin nouns that are direct objects are in the accusative case.
Puellas, virum, arbores, servos, voces are all in the accusative case because they have case endings that shows they are the direct object of a sentence.

19. Let’s go back and identify the cases of the nouns in some sentences.
nominative plural
In villā sedent viri Romani.
Cornelius est senator Romanus.
Pater multas epistulas scribere vult.
Subito nuntium conspicit.
Nuntius, ubi advenit, pueros salutat.
Princeps senatores Romanos ad urbem revocat.
Nominative singular
nominative singular
nominative sing
accusative plural
accusative singular
nominative singular
accusative plural
nominative singular
accusative plural

20. Write these on your purple sheets and label each case.
Model Sentences
Puella epistulam tradit.
Puellae epistulas tradunt.
Puer cibum tradit.
Pueri cibos tradunt.
Mater arborem curat.
Matres arbores curant.
Write these on your purple sheets and label each case.

21. Use Feminine Masculine Other Guys
Subiectum or
Complementum
Puella est amica.
The girl is a friend.
Servus est vir.
The slave is a man.
Arbor est in silvā.
The tree is in the woods.
Obiectum Directum
Puellam lupus terret.
The wolf scares
the girl.
Servum Cornelius reprehendit.
Cornelius scolds the slave.
Arborem Sextus ascendit.
Sextus climbs the tree.
Subiectum or Complementum
Puellae sunt amicae.
The girls are friends.
Servi sunt viri.
The slaves are men.
Arbores sunt in silvā.
The trees are in the woods.
Puellas lupus terret.
The wolf scares the girls.
Servos Cornelius reprehendit.
Cornelius scolds the slaves.
Arbores Sextus ascendit.
Sextus climbs the trees.
Case
1st
Declension
2nd
Declension
3rd
Declension
Use
Feminine
Masculine
Other Guys
& Use
Nominative Sing
Accusative Sing
Nominative Pl
Accusative Pl

22. Declensions
Each noun belongs to a declension. A declension is simply the name we give to certain specific patterns nouns use for their cases.
The 1st declension pattern is –a, -am, -ae, -as.
The 2nd declension pattern is –us, -um, -i, os.
The 3rd declension pattern is (X), -em, -es, -es.

23. What declension do the following nouns belong to?
lupus, lupum, lupi, lupos
Fragor, fragorem, fragores, fragores
Nuntius, nuntium, nuntii, nuntios
Epistula, epistulam, epistulae, epistulas
Urbs, urbem, urbes, urbes
Ager, agrum, agri, agros
Mater, matrem, matres, matres
Aqua, aquam, aquae, aquas
2nd
3rd
1st declension
2nd declension
3rd declension
2nd
1st
3rd
2nd
3rd
1st

24. What do you do if two forms look alike!!!
Arbores can be nominative plural or accusative plural! Help!
What do you do if two forms look alike!!!
Take a look at these sentences Can you figure out what they say?