1. Is ‘Non-Conceptual Content’ Content? Louise M. Antony The Ohio State University

2. Sellars’s Problem Inspired by Sellars’s attack on “the given”: Where do (mere) causes stop, and reasons start? In McDowell’s terms, question about possibility of empirical knowledge

3. EmpiricalKnowledge A. McDowell - minimal empiricism: “the idea that experience must be a tribunal, mediating the way our thinking is answerable to the way things are.” B. Experience must exist “within the space of reasons:” there must exist a justificatory relationship between experience and empirical beliefs based upon it.

4. (A) requires there to be s.t. wrt which we are passive, to which we make no contribution, s.t. the character of which is due entirely to the way the world is – hence, “the given” -- since conceptualization is spontaneity, (A) entails that “the given” must be unconceptualized

5. (B) requires that experience be brought within the “space of reasons;” anything else would be “mere exculpation.” -- entails that experience be conceptualized. It appears that (A) and (B) cannot both be satisfied.

6. A Naturalistic, Computationalist Translation  Naturalistic assumption: Anything relevant to mental processes must be psychologically tractable  Computationalist assumption: Psychological tractability = computational tractability

7. More computationalist assumptions  Methodological solipsism: Computations are sensitive to form and insensitive to content (except insofar as content is encoded in form)  Classicism: Mental processes exploiting rational relations among thought contents are realized by comp’l processes exploiting syntactic relations among thought vehicles. (Note: May be other kinds of mental processes as well.)

8. Normal Perceptual Belief Fixation 1. flower  retina 2. retina  optical nerve (retinal signal) 3. 4. formation of perceptual belief

9. The Problem, Briefly Perceptual belief (4) has intentional content – represents the world as being a certain way. Has correctness conditions Retinal signal (RS) simply transduces information contained in light reflected from flower -- has no correctness conditions When does the intentional content appear?

10. For perceptual belief to count as knowledge: 1. There must be a rational relation between RS and belief 2. Rational relations hold only among items that have intentional content Therefore, IS must have intentional content

11. For RS to carry information about the world: 1. Character of RS should strictly depend upon state of the world 2. But if character of RS depends strictly upon state of the world, RS cannot misrepresent the world. 3. Therefore cannot stand in normative relationship to world. Therefore, RS cannot have intentional content

12. Sellars’s Problem Again Requirement that RS carry information about the world (i.e., that RS = the given)  RS cannot be genuinely representational Requirement that RS stand in proper epistemic relationship to perceptual belief  RS must be genuinely representational

13. A way out? Evans, Peacocke, Brewer, Heck, Fodor: posit non-conceptual content States w/ NCC can: Serve as reasons for fully conceptualized states (e.g., perceptual beliefs) Be faithful registers of information about the world – information isn’t “packaged” into concepts

14. Additional motivations for positing NCC Phenomenology of perceptual experience (“richness” & “ineffability” arguments) Animal and infant thought Empirical considerations: psych’l processes sensitive to information not conceptually represented.

15. What is the distinction? Rough idea: NCC is picture-like and CC is language-like First suggestion (Dretske?): Conceptual = digital Non-conceptual = analog No – Pictures, graphs can be digital in format, but still represent pictorially

16. The Generality Constraint …[I]f a subject can be credited with the thought that a is F, then he must have the conceptual resources for entertaining the thought that a is G, for every property of being G of which he has a conception. Gareth Evans, The Varieties of Reference, p. 104

17. Fodor Discursive (conceptual) representation  canonical decomposition: Only canonical parts are semantically evaluable Iconic (non-conceptual) representation  no canonical decomposition: Every part is semantically evaluable: if R iconically represents S, then every part of R represents part of S

18. Examples “The woman on the glacier is playing the flute.” “The woman on the glacier” is a constituent; is semantically evaluable “on the glacier is” is not a constituent; not semantically evaluable

19. Will the NCC proposal work? No “Empirical” side of Sellars’s Problem shows that NCC shouldn’t be genuinely intentional Communication-theoretic considerations + philosophical considerations about nature of representation show that NCC isn’t genuinely intentional Genuine intentionality linked to discursiveness

20. Solution: The Plan 1. Communication theory, the nature of representation, and discursiveness 2. Unpack “knowledge” side of Sellars’s Problem

21. Grice Distinction between “natural meaning” (meaning N ) and “non-natural meaning” (meaning NN ) (A)Those spots meant N measles vs. (B) The doctor’s saying “measles” meant NN measles (A) entails that if there are spots, then there is measles; not so with (B).

22. Garfield on Meaning N

23. Dretske A signal r carries the information that s is F = The conditional probability of s’s being F, given r, is 1. Call a state a Dretskean vehicle if its occurrence entails the obtaining of an instance of that type of situation which constitutes the vehicle’s informational content

24. Gricean vehicles For a state to mean NN that s is F, it must be possible for that state to occur even if it is not the case that s is F Call this condition detachability (Antony & Levine, 1991) To be a Gricean vehicle, a state must be detachable

25. Detachability and the Disjunction Problem Detachability is required to distinguish meaning NN (genuine representation) from meaning N Disjunction Problem: get “horse” to have the content horse, even though “horse” tokens are sometimes caused by non-horses Detachability  solving the disjunction problem

26. Some non-horse-caused tokenings of “horse” are mistakes Possibility of mistake = correctness conditions Having correctness conditions  detachability

27. Dretskean vehicles and the Disjunction Problem Information requires no equivocation, but: “whether or not a signal is equivocal depends on how we carve up possibilities at the source” The informational content of a Dretskean vehicle is the disjunction of its possible causes -- Dretskean vehicles cannot (must not) solve the disjunction problem

28. Dretskean vehicles cannot have correctness conditions Only Gricean vehicles can have correctness conditions

29. Detachability, in paradigm cases, comes from conventionality. Can’t be the case with thought contents. How to get Gricean vehicles from Dretskean? Add information: imposition of conceptual structure makes possible assertion, makes possible detachability and correctness conditions

30. Back to “Knowledge” Requirement Need to rule out cases of “mere exculpation” (A) Bump on head causes belief that Helena is the capital of Montana (“Mere causal” process) vs. (B) Hearing my trusted teacher say “Helena is the capital of Montana” causes belief that Helena is the capital of Montana (“rational causal” process)

31. Content requirement sufficient to rule out (A) as epistemically improper but not sufficient to distinguish (B) from (C) Bump on the head causes me to believe that I have a bump on the head

32. (C) Is a case of “mere exculpation” if the belief is not “based on” (Byrne) the experience of feeling the bump on the head. Proposal: “Being based on” is a matter of psychological tractability, hence computational tractability  formatting requirement

33. Mere causal processes can be distinguished from rational causal processes by failure of first to satisfy formatting requirement – don’t need satisfaction of content requirement as well

34. Dretskean vehicles can encode as well as simply carry information. Encoding a matter of match between informational format and demands of computational process

35. Intelligible Causal Processes: Information encoded in a Dretskean vehicle is s.t., if information were specified discursively, would provide good evidential basis for subsequent empirical belief