1. Session 4 Reference Values for Durability Design Dr. Paul J. Tikalsky, P.E., FACI The Pennsylvania State University USA

2. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Defining Durability Detailed Knowledge Structural Requirements Environment Material Science Deterioration Mechanisms

3. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Structural Requirements Define the precise design function Compression, Tension, Shear, Combined? Stiffness? Brace? Load Sharing? Define the structural design RV Define the long term and short term behavioral requirements of the structure Define the desired design life

4. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Define the Environment Concentrations of chemical and gases Wet/Dry cycles Freeze/Thaw cycles Physical loadings Abrasion Fluid contact and velocity Vibrations/Repeated cycles

5. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Level of Chemical Exposure Chemical Exposure Sulfate concentration (0-5% SO 4 -2 ) Chloride concentration (0-3 kg/m 3 ) Carbon dioxide or monoxide concentration Acid concentration and type Other chemical concentrations

6. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Creating Reference Values Reference Values for Durability depend on multiple variables Desired years of service Acceptability or Consequences of deterioration (nuclear power plant or retail space) Compounding exposure conditions Time of testing or evaluation

7. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Material Science Models Appropriate models must exist for the prediction of deterioration Time based models that progress with predictably changing exposure conditions

8. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Chloride Diffusion Model C (x,t) = chloride concentration t = time x = depth C o = surface chloride concentration D c = chloride diffusion constant erf = Error Function

9. Chloride Concentration and Diffusion Constant

10. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Chloride Concentration vs Time

11. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Subsidence Cracking Model p = probability of settlement cracking y = 1.37 - 0.023x 1 - 0.56x 2 + 0.011x 3 x 1 = concrete cover, mm x 2 = concrete cover / bar size x 3 = concrete slump, mm

12. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Permeability K C = permeability coefficient Q = rate of flow H/L = ratio of head of fluid to percolation length A = cross section area under pressure

13. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Chloride Penetration Test Method: AASHTO T277 (Coulombs passed in 6 hours)

14. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic

15. Ex: Defining Permeability Performance

16. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Ex: Defining Shrinkage Performance

17. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Ex: Defining ASR Performance

18. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Ex: Defining Sulfate Performance

19. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Models and Design Decisions Do models exist to predict durability based performance? Are the models based on materials science? How can tests at the time of construction be verified by field performance?

20. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Combined Effects Many durability problems are a result of multiple distress mechanisms. How can a more holistic model be developed and implemented? (e.g. “Life 365”)

21. Euro-SiBRAM’2002 Prague, June 24 to 26, 2002, Czech Republic Prof. Paul J. Tikalsky, P.E., FACI Penn State University Transportation Infrastructure Lab. 3127 Research Drive State College, PA 16801 USA Tikalsky@psu.edu

22. Chloride Concentration and Cover Depth