1. Possible Level One - Preconventional answers (Punishment-Obedience; Naive Reward): Heinz should not steal the drug because he might be caught and sent to jail Heinz should steal the drug because if he doesn’t then his wife might scold him Heinz should steal the drug because it can cure his wife and then she can cook for him Heinz should not steal the drug because the scientist spent many years of his life to make the drug and deserves a reward

2. Possible Level Two answers – Conventional answers (Good Boy-Nice Girl; Authority Orientation): Heinz should steal the drug. He might go to jail for a short time, but his in-laws will think he is a good husband. Brown should report Heinz because his boss will be pleased. Brown should not report what he saw; Heinz will be pleased The judge should not sentence Heinz to jail because he meant well

3. Possible Level Two Conventional answers continued Heinz has a duty to steal the drug, but it is wrong to steal, so Heinz should be prepared to go to jail The judge should sentence Heinz to jail or else there will be chaos in society

4. Possible Level Three - Postconventional (Universal Ethical Principles; Morality of individual principles & conscience) answers: Everyone has the right to life regardless of the law, so he should steal the drug. If he is caught and prosecuted the law needs to be reevaluated The scientist’s decision is despicable, but his right to fair compensation must be maintained; therefore, Heinz should not steal Heinz should steal; preserving life is a higher moral obligation than preserving property

6. 1. What are the “two distinct features” of Kohlberg’s theory? Moral reasoning is classified into three distinct levels Everyone progresses through the levels in order, though not everyone reaches the highest level

7. 2. What were the results of a review of various studies testing Kohlberg’s hypothesis? The majority of studies have supported his ideas – people seem to progress in the order he predicted, but at different ages

8. 3. Criticisms Results show moral thinking, not moral behavior (although there is a modest correlation; too much focus on Kohlberg’s dilemmas) Mixing of stages Cultural disparities – concerns for social justice are not found in all cultures Men and women may differ in their moral thinking – women are taught to have a “care orientation” whereas men have a “justice orientation” Moral reasoning is dependent on the biological development of the brain – the prefrontal cortex must be properly functioning

10. 4. What have reviewers concluded concerning Gilligan’s ideas about male and female differences in moral reasoning? Only weak support for Gilligan’s theory Men and women use a mixture of care and justice orientations depending on the situation