2. The Unification of Italy

3. A desire for national independence A desire for national independence

5. No Unified Italy No Unified Italy –Political divisions Austria, France, Papal States Austria, France, Papal States –Cultural and economic differences Dialects Dialects Trade barriers Trade barriers Poor transportation Poor transportation

7. Speaker of “Risorgimento” Speaker of “Risorgimento” Founded secret society 1831 Founded secret society 1831 –Young Italy Nation-state = one nationality = common ideals for all citizens Nation-state = one nationality = common ideals for all citizens

8. Nationalist Republican revolution in Sicily Nationalist Republican revolution in Sicily King Charles Albert of Sardinia joined war to expel Austria King Charles Albert of Sardinia joined war to expel Austria

9. Nationalists pressure Papal States to join Nationalists pressure Papal States to join April – Austria almost ousted April – Austria almost ousted Pope Pious IX withdraws troops Pope Pious IX withdraws troops –Opposed to war with other Catholic country Naples follows Naples follows

10. Austria reestablishes control of Northern Italy Austria reestablishes control of Northern Italy Nationalists angered Nationalists angered Force Pope to flee Rome Force Pope to flee Rome Proclaim Rome a republic Proclaim Rome a republic

11. Mazzini brought in to rule Mazzini brought in to rule Louis Napoleon sends French army and restores Pope Louis Napoleon sends French army and restores Pope Nationalists turn to Sardinia to lead Nationalists turn to Sardinia to lead

13. 1849 – Victor Emmanuel II becomes king of Sardinia 1849 – Victor Emmanuel II becomes king of Sardinia –Top Advisor – Count Camillo di Cavour Goals: Goals: –Promote industrial growth –Reduce influence of Catholic Church –Advance Sardinia’s foreign affairs

14. Needed help to expel Austria Needed help to expel Austria –Decided to help Fr. & Gr. Britain in Crimean War –1858 met secretly with Napoleon III France promised to help expel Austria  France would get Savoy and Nice France promised to help expel Austria  France would get Savoy and Nice

15. April 1859 – Austria forced to declare war on Sardinia April 1859 – Austria forced to declare war on Sardinia June 1859 Austria losing to Sardinia + 120,000 French soldiers June 1859 Austria losing to Sardinia + 120,000 French soldiers –Heavy French losses –Napoleon III fears loss of support Napoleon III withdraws troops Napoleon III withdraws troops –Signs treaty with Austria

16. Treaty between France and Austria Treaty between France and Austria –Austria gave Lombardy to Sardinia –Retained control of Venetia Cavour furious Cavour furious –Wants to keep fighting –Emmanuel refuses

17. Fighting continues Fighting continues –Rulers in Tuscany, Parma, Modena, Romagana are overthrown –Demand to be part of Sardinia Napoleon III agrees Napoleon III agrees –Gets Savoy and Nice for France 1860 – Victor Emmanuel has new kingdom of Northern Italy 1860 – Victor Emmanuel has new kingdom of Northern Italy

19. Nationalists prepare to revolt following death of Ferdinand II, rule of Kingdom of Two Sicilies Nationalists prepare to revolt following death of Ferdinand II, rule of Kingdom of Two Sicilies

20. Leader of revolution – GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI Leader of revolution – GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI –Former member of Young Italy –Learned guerrilla warfare in South America –Part of Republic of Rome –1860 – formed an army to lead revolt Red Shirts Red Shirts

21. Won easy victory on island of Sicily Won easy victory on island of Sicily Crossed to mainland and advanced to Naples Crossed to mainland and advanced to Naples Army of Two Kingdoms of Sicily no match Army of Two Kingdoms of Sicily no match –Naples fell King fled King fled

22. Cavour concerned with Garibaldi’s ambitions Cavour concerned with Garibaldi’s ambitions Sent army in Papal States Sent army in Papal States Sept 18, 1860 Sardinia defeated papal army Sept 18, 1860 Sardinia defeated papal army October 1860 October 1860 –Voters in southern Italy supported union with Sardinia –Garibaldi surrenders conquests to Victor Emmanuel

23. February 1861 February 1861 –The whole peninsula of Italy is united under one government Except for Rome and Venetia Except for Rome and Venetia

26. Following unification: Following unification: –Cultural and economic divisions remained North – Industrial North – Industrial South – Agricultural South – Agricultural –Resentment over Sardinia Tried to force laws and customs Tried to force laws and customs

27. Successful Unification 1.National educational system 2.Unified military gradually grew 3.Better transportation

28. Venetia? Venetia? –1866 Italy allies with Prussia Italy allies with Prussia Following Prussia’s crushing defeat of Austria Following Prussia’s crushing defeat of Austria –Give Venetia back to Italy

29. Location of Capitol? Location of Capitol? –Citizens wanted Rome Ruled by Pope Ruled by Pope Protected by French Protected by French –Franco-Prussian War 1870 Napoleon III pulls troops from Rome Napoleon III pulls troops from Rome Italian troops enter Rome and conquered pope’s territory Italian troops enter Rome and conquered pope’s territory