1. What power is the President exercising here, in a humorous way?

2. Presidential Pardons  What kind of crimes may be pardoned by the President?  What are two examples of notable Presidential Pardons? How often does a President issue a Pardon?

3. Presidential Pardon Power The president is given the power under the Constitution to "grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment." Two types:  full pardon to a person accused or convicted of a federal crime, releasing the person from any punishment and restoring her or his Civil Rights.  conditional pardons that forgive the convicted person in part, reduce a penalty a specified number of years, or alter a penalty with conditions. Exceptions: Usually a private transaction between the president and an individual. In 1977 President Jimmy carter granted an Amnesty that was, in effect, a blanket pardon to those who were either deserters or draft evaders during the Vietnam Wa r. (Jimmy Carter, Proclamation 4483, 1977) Controversy: President Nixon was granted a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while President. (Gerald Ford, Proclamation 4311, September, 1974)

4. Nixon Pardon

5. Presidential Power Major Questions: 1.How has Presidential Power grown and why? 2. What limits are there on Presidential Power? 3.What are the sources of Presidential Power?

6. Chapter14 Section 3 Diplomatic and Military Powers

7. Essential questions How are treaties made and approved? Why and how are executive agreements made? What purpose does the power of recognition have? What powers does the President have in the role of commander in chief?

8. Why is it important that the President be able to make international agreements?

9. Establish rules among nations Allows countries to agree to sets of standards of conduct in International situations, such as rules for trade, human rights, and prisoner exchange in war-time.

10. What is a Treaty?

11. Treaty Definition A treaty is a formal agreement between two or more sovereign states. The President, usually through the secretary of state, negotiates these international agreements. All treaties must pass approval by a two thirds of the members present vote in the Senate.

12. Treaty Examples First treaty under the Constitution: Treaty of New York with the Creek Nation August 7, 1790 ceded a significant portion of their hunting grounds in Georgia to the United States and agreed to turn runaway slaves over to federal authorities. Treaty of Versailles : Ended First World War 1919 required Germany to accept responsibility for causing the war and pay reparations Migratory Bird Treaty 1992 Provides for protection of species of birds that migrate between the United States and the Soviet Union or that occur in either country and “have common flyways, breeding, wintering, feeding or molting areas."

13. What is an Executive Agreement?

14. Executive Agreement An executive agreement is a pact between the President and the head of a foreign state, or a subordinate Unlike treaties, executive agreements do not require Senate consent. Originally, Executive Agreements were directed to particular and comparatively trivial disputes but have grown in power and complexity.

15. E xecutive Agreements are more common than treaties Treaties require a 2/3rds majority in the Senate. Executive Agreements have been ruled Constitutional by a combination of several of the President’s Constitutional Executive Powers. Since 1939, executive agreements have comprised more than 90% of the international agreements concluded.

16. Executive agreement examples: Destroyers for Bases 1940 President Franklin D. Roosevelt negotiated an executive agreement that gave the United Kingdom 50 overage destroyers in exchange for 99- year leases on certain British naval bases in the Atlantic. End of the Spanish American War 1898 NAFTA

17. 1940 Destroyers for Bases

18. What is Recognition?

19. Power of Recognition The power of recognition is exercised when the President, acting for the United States, acknowledges (or retracts) the legal existence of another sovereign state.

20. Examples Recognition: Israel 1948 Panama 1901 Avoidance of Recognition Cuba under Castro –still in effect Historical avoidance of recognition. Abraham Lincoln refused to admit any ‘diplomats’ from the Confederacy in order to avoid international recognition of the Confederacy as a separate state.

21. Recognition of diplomats The power of recognition is also exercised in regard to diplomats from other countries. The President may show American displeasure with the conduct of another country by asking for the recall of that nation’s ambassador or other diplomatic representatives in this country. Or by removing our diplomats (and or formal recognition) from another country - Sometimes a precursor to war. The official is declared to be persona non grata, or an “unwelcome person.”

22. Recognition and Diplomatic Immunity Diplomatic Immunity protects mission staff from prosecution for violating civil and criminal laws, under the Vienna Convention, Diplomats are supposed to respect national laws and regulations. Breaches of these articles can lead to a persona non grata declaration being used to punish acts by diplomatic staff. May be used to: expel diplomats suspected of espionage Any overt criminal act such as drug trafficking. The declaration may also be a symbolic indication of displeasure

23. Examples 2001 – US expels 50 Russian Diplomats for spying http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=93761&page= 1 http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=93761&page= 1 2012- US expels Syrian diplomat in retaliation for Houla Massacre. http://www.voanews.com/content/us-expels- syrian-diplomat-over-houla-massacre/1120881.html http://www.voanews.com/content/us-expels- syrian-diplomat-over-houla-massacre/1120881.html

24. Diplomacy in Action Monroe Doctrine- reading handout Bush Doctrine Obama Doctrine

25. Commander in Chief

26. President may make Undeclared War Many Presidents have used the armed forces abroad without a declaration of war. 60 day rule *Congress has not formally declared war since WWII. Rather, it has issued Joint Resolutions authorizing the use of force….leading to “a number of “undeclared wars