1. Why do we have reproductive systems?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
Why do we have reproductive systems?
We get one life to live… Hebrews 9:27 And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment:
We can’t reproduce asexually (outside of the lab)
In order to pass on a part of ourselves to a new generation…

2. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

3. How do we “pass on part of ourselves”?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
How do we “pass on part of ourselves”?
1) Form a sex cell (gametes) that can unite with a cell of the opposite sex (egg or sperm)
2) Introduce those gametes
3) Provide a mechanism for development
4) Provide a means for the baby to become autonomous (birth)
5) Continued care after birth

4. Where in the body is it found? What are chromosomes?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is DNA?
Where in the body is it found?
What are chromosomes?
How many chromosomes in the human cell?
How are new people formed?
Do eggs and sperm have nuclei?
How many chromosomes in a zygote (fertilized egg)?
How?
Genetic code for life (“blueprint”)
Every cell with a nucleus
Coiled up DNA and proteins
46 (diploid cells)
Union of gametes (egg and sperm)
Yes
46 (diploid cell)
The “magic” of meiosis

5. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
How does meiosis result in cells with “half” of a full set of chromosomes (haploid)?

6. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
How does meiosis result in cells with “half” of a full set of chromosomes (haploid)?

7. How does meiosis relate to spermatocytes?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
How does meiosis relate to spermatocytes?

8. How does meiosis relate to oocytes?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
How does meiosis relate to oocytes?

9. What are the reproductive components required of males?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What are the reproductive components required of males?
1) Gonads (create gametes)
2) Glands (contribute to semen)
3) Ducts (transport the products)
4) Penis (copulation and transfer)

10. What is the route of a sperm cell?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is the route of a sperm cell?
Testes (2, contained in the scrotum)
Epididymis (convoluted tube for sperm maturation)
Vas deferens (ascends through spermatic cord)
Seminal vesicles (glands producing seminal fluids)
Ejaculatory ducts (conduct seminal vesicle fluids to urethra)
Prostate gland (gland contributing to semen)
Bulbourethral gland (gland contributing to semen)
Urethra - penis (transport for semen and copulatory organ)

11. What is the route of a sperm cell?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is the route of a sperm cell?

12. What are some of the male external anatomical features?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What are some of the male external anatomical features?
Perineum
Penis (shaft, glans, prepuce, meatus)
Scrotum (Raphe=septum, and dartos muscle)

13. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
Testes originate in the abdominal cavity, so how do they get into the scrotum?

14. What are the important features of testes?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What are the important features of testes?
Small organs with exocrine and endocrine function Which products are which?
Covered with tunica albuginea
Connective tissue enters testes forming septa
Septa form lobules
Seminiferous tubules and stroma within lobules. Interstitual cells (Leydig cells) in the stroma = testosterone

15. What are the important features of testes?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What are the important features of testes?
Seminiferous tubules contain 2 primary cell types
1) Germ cells that go through spermatogenesis (see 28.4)
2) Sertoli (otherwise known as sustenacular or nurse cells)
Sperm cells (spermatozoa) are released and move to epididymis)

16. Why an epididymis rather than a simple duct?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
Why an epididymis rather than a simple duct?
Seminiferous tubules empty into epididymis
Sperm cells mature here and await release via ejaculation
Epididymitis inflammation of the epididymis due to infections
Spermatocoele epididymis engorged with sperm cells (may follow a vasectomy

17. What comprises the spermatic cord?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What comprises the spermatic cord?
Spermatic cord is comprised of connective and muscle (cremaster) tissue and contains a number of structures:
1) Vas deferens (conducts sperm)
2) Testicular artery
3) Testicular vein (venous plexus)
4) Lymph vessels
5) Genital (testicular) nerve
Ascends through inguinal canal

18. What explains the BB effect?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What explains the BB effect?
Simon Birch

19. What is the role of the seminal vesicles?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is the role of the seminal vesicles?
Small glands that empty secretions into the ejaculatory duct to join sperm forming semen
constitutes ~ 60% of semen fluid
Contains mucus, fructose, fibrinogen and prostaglandins
What is the role of each of the 4 components?

20. What is the role of the prostate gland?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What is the role of the prostate gland?
Prostate gland surrounds the urethra (prostatic urethra) and ejaculatory ducts
Contributes ~ 30% to semen volume
Prostatic fluids have high pH these neutralize acidic urethra, also clotting factors and fibrinolysin Why?
Checking for Prostate CA

21. When/where does semen enter the urethra?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
When/where does semen enter the urethra?
3 regions: 1) prostatic
2) membranous
3) spongy
Bulbourethral glands also contribute to semen ~ 5%
Other 5% ?
million sperm/ml of 2-5ml

22. What events are involved with joining gametes?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What events are involved with joining gametes?
Sexual arousal via psychic and/or physical stimuli (tempered by testosterone) integrated in sacral region of spinal cord.
1) Erection
Penal arteries dilate causing cavities in corpuses (what are they ?) to fill with blood.
Venous return is restricted and engorgement results

23. What events are involved with joining gametes?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What events are involved with joining gametes?
Sexual arousal via psychic and/or physical stimuli (tempered by testosterone) integrated in sacral region of spinal cord.
1) Erection
Penal arteries dilate causing cavities in corpuses (what are they ?) to fill with blood.
Venous return is restricted and engorgement results
Erectile tissue surrounded by inelastic connective tissue covering
Penis becomes rigid

24. What events are involved with joining gametes?
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What events are involved with joining gametes?
2) Emission Semen accumulates in urethra. Seminal vesicles, prostate gland are stimulated to release secretions into prostatic urethra
Engorgement and urethral irritation contribute to arousal
Sperm moved from epididymides via peristaltsis of vas deferens
The bulbourethral gland and urethral mucous glands secrete mucus
3) Ejaculation Rhythmic contractions expel semen

25. Glands/regions involved: 1) Hypothalamus 2) Pituitary 3) Testes
BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
Glands/regions involved:
1) Hypothalamus
2) Pituitary
3) Testes
Hormones involved:
1) GnRH
2) LH, FSH
3) Testosterone, Inhibin