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THE RENAISSANCE & REFORMATION 1350-1650 The Reformation Ideas Spread
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Large View
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Henry VIII – Defender of the Faith? Was firmly against the Protestant revolt but soon a dispute emerged in 1527 Henry’s motives were not theological but matrimonial & economical Wanted the Church’s vast wealth: property, labor/services & money Pope vs. Henry VIII Henry had one child, daughter – Mary Tudor Wife was unable to bear a son Henry VIII wanted an annulment to marry Anne Boleyn – pope said no
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Break with Rome Henry VIII used Parliament to take over the Church in England Act of Supremacy 1534 – Henry VIII proclaimed supreme ruler of the Church of England Through a policy of confiscation, Henry VIII redistributed Church wealth & property to secular supporters Resistant Catholics were executed for treason Anglican Church established Henry VIII rejected most Protestant doctrines Aside from breaking away from Rome & using the English Bible, most forms of Catholicism remained Married Anne Boleyn, had another daughter – Elizabeth Henry VIII married four more times & had one son – Edward
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Edward VI & Bloody Mary Edward died in his teens, sister Mary becomes Queen Determined to return England to Catholicism Hundreds of Protestants were burned at the stake Edward VI – king at 10 yrs old Advisors were devout Protestants Parliament passed new laws ushering in Protestant reforms Uprisings were brutally suppressed
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The Elizabethan Settlement Elizabeth became queen in 1558 Elizabeth created a compromise between Protestants & Catholics Catholic ceremony & ritual were kept Clergy remained but monarch was head of the Church, not the Pope Moderate Protestant doctrines were accepted Church services were conducted in English, not Latin
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Do-Now: We looked at the Tudor Dynasty. Assume you are living during that time. Answer both: 1. Name one reason why you don’t like the Tudor Dynasty. 2. Name one reason why you do like the Tudor Dynasty.
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The Catholic Reformation Pope Paul III Set out to revive the authority of the Church in the 1530s & 1540s To stamp out corruption, he appointed reformers to ‘clean house’ Council of Trent – 1545 Church leaders met to reaffirm the traditional Catholics views Protestants rejected Created schools to better educate clergy who could challenge Protestant teachings
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The Inquisition Strengthened by Pope Paul Used secret testimony, torture & execution to root out heresy Forbidden Books – list of works considered immoral Included books by Luther & Calvin
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Religious Differences Catholic Indirect communication to God Saints Icons Deeds & Faith = Heaven Jesus on Crucifix Head = Pope Protestant Direct communication to God No Saints No Icons Heaven = Faith Alone Empty Crucifix No Head of the Church
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The Jesuits Founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540 New religious order created to combat heresy in Europe Rigorous religious training, discipline & obedience Advised Catholic rulers & helped them combat heresy Established schools to instill Catholic beliefs Sent missionaries throughout Asia, Africa & the Americas.
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Widespread Intolerance: I. Witch Hunts Religious frenzy & wars fostered intolerance Witch Hunts Btw 1450 & 1750, tens of thousands of men & women died as victims from witch hunts Victims were social outcasts: beggars, poor widows, midwives & herbalists Most victims were in Germany, Switzerland & France – areas with brutal religious wars
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Widespread Intolerance: II. Jews In the 1500s, Jews were placed in ghettos throughout Italy & pressured to convert Luther hoped Jews would convert to Protestantism – they didn’t Called for the expulsion of Jews from Christian lands, the destruction of books & property Some German princes did expel the Jews, others forced them to wear yellow badges Charles V banned Jews from the Americas After 1550, many Jews fled to Eastern Europe & the Ottoman Empire
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