1. Napoleon

2. Rise to power

3. 1790s: Led French military campaigns
: victories in northern Italy
1798: defeat in Egypt … but left his troops there and came back to France a hero
Fun fact: The French discovered the Rosetta Stone in Egypt during Napoleon’s campaign. The stone provided the key to understanding hieroglyphics.

4. 1799: Coup d’etat November: overthrew Directory est. the “Consulate”
named “First Consul” (Julius Caesar’s title)
December:
new constitution (#4) approved in a plebiscite
Official report: 3,011,007 for; 1,562 against

5. Later title changes
1802: named himself sole “Consul for Life” 1804: proclaimed himself emperor (Napoleon I)
Jacques Louis David’s Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon and the Empress Josephine on Dec. 2, 1804,
≈20x32 feet!
Both changes were ratified by plebiscites – showing that Napoleon tried to maintain a semblance of democracy.
In 1804, the Consulate became the Empire.

6. Napoleon’s Throne

7. Domestic reforms & policies

8. (1) Concordat of 1801 What the CC gained: What Napoleon gained:
declaration: “Catholicism was the religion of the great majority of the French”
Pope can depose French bishops
Church seminaries permitted
What Napoleon gained:
Religious freedom kept – CC not a state church
Pope accepts loss of church lands & tithes
State nominates bishops, pays clergy
Agreement b/t Napoleon and the Vatican. Helped the Church by giving it some rights it had lost during the FR. Helped Napoleon by disarming counterrevolution by clergy who opposed him, plus it gave Napoleon more control over the French CC.
French state paid Catholic & Protestant clergy – Napoleon wanted to dispel the notion of the state having one established church.

9. (2) Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code)
Legal equality of all male citizens
Security of $$/private property
Women lost rights:
Dependents on fathers or husbands
Cannot make contracts
Cannot have bank accounts in own names
Code appealed to:
middle class – driven by Enlightenment ideas of liberty; had $$/property
peasantry – had gained land/status from FR … code secured their gains

10. The Influence of the Napoleonic Code
Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations.

11. (3) Strengthened the bureaucracy
Former revolutionaries put in gov’t posts
Emigrés invited back, given jobs, swear loyalty oath
New imperial nobility – positions granted on the basis of merit

12. (4) Financial reforms Tax reform – no tax exemptions due to status
Improvement of accounting methods
Est. sound currency and public credit
Est. Bank of France
Important to make these changes since France’s economy had been in such a poor state. The Directory had left the economy a mess.
Appealed to the middle class – bank was privately owned (middle class likes capitalism); they like to see financial stability.

13. (5) Education: the lycée system
Est. 30 state-supported post-secondary schools
Admission based on merit
Scholarships available
Aim to prep students for gov’t service and learned professions
-scholarships: 1/3 went to sons of the military and government, the rest went to the best pupils from the secondary schools
-6-year term of study
-liberal arts curriculum
-purpose of the system: (1) provide an educated elite to serve in govt/military, (2) provide for an increased middle class, and one that would be successful and non-revolutionary, (3) emphasis on patriotism – build loyalty to French state

14. Reforms
Who liked the reforms and why
Concordat of 1801
- Agreement b/t Catholic Church & French state
Catholic Church – treated poorly during FR … Napoleon made peace with it
Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code)
Legal equality of all male citizens
Security of $$/private property
-Middle class – driven by Enlightenment ideas of liberty; had $$/property
-Peasantry – had gained land/status from FR … code secured their gains
Strengthened the bureaucracy
Former revolutionaries put in gov’t posts
Emigrés invited back, incorporated
New imperial nobility – meritocratic system
-Revolutionaries, emigrés – brought into Napoleon’s gov’t.
-Middle class – opportunity to earn gov’t positions
Financial reforms
Tax reform
Bank of France
Sound currency & public credit
Middle class – had interest in state’s economic security; liked that the Bank was privately owned (yay capitalism)
Education: the lycée system
Meritocratic, state-supported school system designed to produced professionals
Middle class – opportunity to get good education, later gain gov’t positions

15. Authoritarian Domestic Policies
Women lost rights (see Napoleonic Code)
Little freedom of speech/press
Occasional elections … not run fairly
Spy system
Unfair detainment & sentencing for pol. crimes

16. Foreign policy

17. Introduction France was at war 1792-1815.
A series of wars … only Britain remained almost continually at war w/ France (1 year of peace, ).
Not until 1813 were all the Great Powers (Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia) simultaneously at war with France.
Austria, Prussia, Russia: fought against Napoleon, but also lost and had to sign treaties, so became allies of sorts, accepting French rule in other places and supporting the continental system for a while, before allying to defeat France in the end
Britain: never on Napoleon’s side

18. Timeline of events
1801
Treaty of Lunéville – France acquires Austrian and German territory
1802
Treaty of Amiens – France keeps Holland, Austrian Netherlands, German & Italian lands
1803
Renews war w/ Britain
1805
Battle of Trafalgar – Britain defeats France & Spain – end of French hopes to invade Britain
Battle of Austerlitz – France defeats Austria & Russia
1806
France dissolves HRE & est. German Confederation of the Rhine
Battles of Jena and Auerstädt – France defeats Prussia
1807
Treaty of Tilsit – Russia becomes an ally, accepts French reorg. of W/Central Europe; France takes Prussia’s western lands
1812
Invasion of Russia  French retreat, major military disaster for France
1814
Treaty of Charmont – Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain pledge alliance to defeat Napoleon
Napoleon exiled to Elba
1815
Battle of Waterloo – final defeat of Napoleon  exiled to St. Helena

19. Continental System (est. 1806)
Blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt trade b/t continental Europe & Britain, aimed to weaken the British econ & military

20. The Grand Empire Grand Empire: France (bigger than before)
Satellites – governed by members of Napoleon’s family – ex. Spain
Independent but allied states – Austria, Prussia, Russia

21. Napoleon’s Family Rules!
Jerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia.
Joseph Bonaparte  King of Spain
Louise Bonaparte  King of Holland
Pauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy
Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son) King of Rome
Elisa Bonaparte  Grand Duchess of Tuscany
Caroline Bonaparte  Queen of Naples

22. Napoleon’s Family & Friends/Allies

23. How Napoleon treated areas incorporated into his empire
(+) introduced French laws / spread FR reforms (ex. abolish feudal practices)
(-) heavy taxes, req. men to serve in Fr. army

24. Napoleon wrote to his brother Jerome, on making him king of Westphalia:
“the peoples of Germany, as of France, Italy and Spain, want equality and liberal ideas. For some years now I have been managing the affairs of Europe, and I am convinced that the crowing of the privileged classes was everywhere disliked. Be a constitutional king.”
Ex. of Napoleon as reformer/man of Enlightenment. Napoleon wanted to transplant his Civil Code to the dependent states.

25. “Third of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)
Example of nationalist resistance to French rule
1808: Napoleon made his brother Joseph king of Spain & gave him a large French army
Peninsular War ( ): Spanish went to war to try to oust the French
Britain sent a force to help the Spanish
War went badly for France
Both sides committed atrocities
Painting: Goya made two paintings, The Second of May and The Third of May. They commemorate events from the beginning of the war. The Second of May represents a bloody encounter between the French army and the people of Madrid who rose up against them. The Third of May depicts the execution of the rebels by the French.

26. Views of Napoleon
Image on left: Jacques Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps
Image on right: “This is My Dear Son”: Napoleon as a child of the Devil

27. Haitian Independence, 1791-1804
Toussaint L’Ouverture

28. Louisiana Purchase, 1803
: France controlled Louisiana
1762: France gave Louisiana to Spain (in the midst of the Seven Years’ War)
1800: Spain gave Louisiana back to France
1803: France sold Louisiana to the US for $15m
$15,000,000

29. Fall from Power

30. Napoleon’s residence on St. Helena
Key Events
1814:
Napoleon abdicates  Elba
Louis XVIII and Constitutional Charter
1815:
Hundred Days
Battle of Waterloo
 St. Helena
Napoleon’s residence on St. Helena

31. Napoleon & culture

32. Neoclassical Architecture
Temple to the Glory of the Great Army, commissioned 1806

33. Neoclassical Architecture
Napoleon’s Tomb

34. Beethoven’s Eroica (1803) Dedicated to Napoleon in 1803
In 1804, Napoleon’s crowning himself emperor disgusted Beethoven, who exclaimed, “He’s just a rascal like all the others,” and violently erased his name from the manuscript.