1. WESTERN CIVILIZATION II
The Age of Nation-States

2. The Crimean War Originally between Russia & Ottomans
Ottomans give Catholic France control of the Holy Lands instead of Orthodox Russia
Russia vows to protect Christians in the Holy Lands - move to invade - Ottomans declare war
Russia invades Moldavia and Walachia (Rumania) - Austria forces out

3. The Crimean War Britain & France fear Russian aggression - declare war
Both sides have naval interests in the Black Sea
Both sides blunder - large casualties

4. The Crimean War First photographed war
Prussia neutral - but gains from Austrian/Russian conflict
Russia looses control of Black Sea in defeat
Concert of Europe unable to keep the peace - next generation not committed to power balance each nation seeks own goals

5. Italian Unification Sought unification since Congress of Vienna
Romantic Republicans lead insurrections -
Giuseppe Mazzini
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Wanted path of self-determination away from Austria

6. Plans for Italian Unification
Plan 1 - unite behind Pope (1848/9) - Austria and France defeat the Roman Republic
Plan 2 - unite behind only independent state, Piedmont (Sardinia) - made independent by Congress of Europe as a buffer between France and Austria
Piedmont Prime Minister aids France in Crimean War with 10,000 troops - thrusts Piedmont onto world stage

7. Camillo Cavour
Cavour & Napoleon III scheme to provoke war to drive Austria out of Italy
France gets provinces of Nice & Savoy for help
Piedmont/France drives Austria - Napoleon III fears Piedmont - signs own treaty with Austria

8. The New Italian State
Garibaldi unites southern Italy - Sicily and Naples
Northern Italy united with Piedmont
Garibaldi accepts total unification
Venetia and Rome added by 1870

9. Italy Gain Venetia in deal with Prussians in war with Austria
Gain area around Rome after French lose Franco-Prussian War - city of Rome remains hostile
Form of government: monarchy - Victor Emmanuel from Piedmont
Franchise limited - corruption abounds

10. German Unification Unification attempted by liberals since 1815
Prussia becomes dominant in German affairs
Prussian King Wilhelm I and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck embrace “Small German” policy

11. Otto von Bismarck Prussian nobleman Liberal turned conservative
Pro-industrial
Pro-military
Anti-Parliament - seeks to unite Germans without legislature

12. Bringing Germany Together
Beats Danes who try to take Holstein and Schleswig out of German Confederation
Beats Austrians in 7 weeks to gain dominance over German speaking people

13. The North German Confederation
Bismarck annexes Hesse, Nassau, & Hanover (formerly supported Austria) in new group
King of Prussia as leader
Bicameral legislature with no real power
Bismarck steals thunder of some liberals who wanted unification
Bismarck seeks a war to bring southern German states into the Confederation

14. The Franco-Prussian War
Queen Isabella of Spain deposed
Spanish pick a Hohenzollern, Leopold (cousin to Wilhelm)
France objects, asks Wilhelm for support
Bismarck revises The Ems Telegram to look like Wilhelm insulted France
France declares war on the Northern Confederation

15. The Franco-Prussian War
Southern German states side with Bismarck
Germans capture Napoleon III
Defeat French in 9 months - forced to give up provinces of Alsace and Lorraine
German Empire proclaimed - most important event in Europe in the 19th century
Italy and Germany become new rivals to France and Austria

16. France: Liberal Empire
The Third Republic proclaimed after Napoleon III’s capture - France sues for peace
Paris Commune attempts to rule Paris independently of France
National Assembly kills over 20,000 to restore order
Government looks for a king to rule - Chambord refuses because of use of revolutionary flag

17. France: The Third Republic
Chamber of Deputies elected by universal male suffrage
Senate chosen indirectly - president selected from group
Government proves to be surprisingly efficient against corruption and ineptitude
Lasts until Germans march into Paris again in World War II

18. The Dreyfus Affair
Divided French society on the fairness of government
Captain Alfred Dreyfus convicted of espionage to Germany during Franco-Prussian War, convicted

19. The Dreyfus Affair Accusations against the government
Corruption - cover-up for mistakes - Anti-Semitism
Government refuses new trial even with evidence of forgery
Writer Emil Zola reports on case - stirs public
New trial again convicts - President pardons
France remains politically divided

20. The Habsburg Empire
Excepting Russia, the least liberal of European governments
Franz Joseph comes to power in rules in absolutist style
Problem of holding ethnically diverse population together - Magyars, Slavs, Italians
Loss of Italy suggested inefficient chain of command - Franz Joseph reorganizes twice - both rejected by Magyars

21. The Compromise of 1867
Franz Joseph creates two nations ruled by him - The Dual Monarchy Austria & Hungary (Magyar)
Separate Parliaments created
Czechs want same deal - trialism Franz Joseph agrees but Magyars oppose - did not want to give autonomy to its subject groups of Romanians and Croatians - continued unrest

22. The Dual Monarchy Czech leaders appeased with jobs
Demonstrations in Reichsrat for Czech nationalism until WWI
Franz Joseph gives right of language in ethnic areas, introduces universal male suffrage in Austria

23. Russian Reform
Nicolas I dies during Crimean War - Alexander II institutes reforms including abolition of serfdom (U.S. and Brazil remain)
Former serfs given rights but no land - forced to buy from landowners over 49 year period - interest paid to the government

24. Russian Reform Many fail to pay - debt not forgiven until 1906
Without landlords to control serf, new system of government needed - Village communes “Zemstovs” organized to adjudicate local matters
Military reformed to fill ranks after abolition of serfdom - terms of service shortened - rules relaxed

25. Russian Repression
Alexander II squelches revolt by the Polish nobility, emancipates their serfs, forces Russian language on Poles
Alexander becomes more repressive after assassination attempt in creates police state
Radical opposition begins to mount - exiled Alexander Herzen leads effort

26. Revolutionaries in Russia
Social revolution preached in radical societies like “Land and Freedom”
Young revolutionaries go to peasants to educate them - peasants turn revolutionaries over to the police
Courts give light sentences in hope of support

27. Assassination of Alexander II
Attacks against government continue until Alexander II is killed
Son Alexander III rules with an iron fist

28. Britain: Toward Democracy
Continues to refine liberal form of government - symbol of the confident liberal state
Address issues of expanding suffrage, secret ballot, education, care for the poor
Parliament passes the Second Reform Act of increases electorate by 1,000,000

29. British Prime Ministers
Benjamin Disraeli - conservative - hoped expanded middle class would favor conservatism
William Gladstone - liberal - backs government’s assumption of responsibility for education

30. Disraeli and Gladstone
Both seek reform
Take turns as Prime Minister
Gladstone gives support to Irish home rule, splitting Liberal Party
Irish hold balance of power in Parliament Home rule passes on the third attempt

31. WESTERN CIVILIZATION II
The Age of Nation-States