1. The Civil War: 1861-1865

2. Election of 1860 John C. Breckenridge – Southern Democrat Stephen A. Douglas - Democrat John Bell – Constitutional Union Abraham Lincoln – Republican vs √ Why did Lincoln win?

3. North v South in 1861: which side had all the advantages? So why does it take four years for the North to win?

4. Lincoln’s ea, rly decisions: Keep slave-holding “border states” loyal Puts border states under martial (military) law = NO tolerance for dissent! Gets rid of habeus corpus = critics thrown in jail without trial! Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH SIDE NORTH/UNION --industry: factories, manufacturing,food production trade --Capital: D.C. --Leaders: Lincoln; leading general-- >Ulysses S. Grant eventually --Strategy: 1) Break down the Southern spirit 2) Capture Richmond 3) cut off South’s trade by blocking Southern coastline --Cause: to keep Union together; after 1863, abolish slavery SOUTH/CONFEDERACY --industry: farming; trade with Britain; key crop--> COTTON; b/c of this, South hopes to get help from G.B. --Capital: Richmond, VA --Leaders: Davis; leading general-->Robert E. Lee --Strategy: 1) Capture D.C. 2) Cut off supplies from N. 3) Drag out the war so that N. would run out of supplies --Cause: to keep/protect states’ Rights (property=slaves)

6. The Anaconda Plan Devise a strategy to win the war Devised by General Winfield Scott –Capture Richmond –Blockade coastline to prevent cotton shipments –Control Mississippi River to disrupt food supply

7. Select a military leader RE Lee decides to fight for the Confederacy! So Lincoln selects George McClellan! McClellan proved to be a weak leader though

8. On the battlefield Why won’t McClellan fight? –Overly cautious –Always believes he is outnumbered!

9. On the battlefield 1 st Battle of Bull Run, 1861 Union defeat 25 miles away from Washington Lincoln realizes the South will not be easy to defeat August 1862, 2nd Battle of Bull Run: Union is defeated-- SOME OF PARLIAMENT MEMBERS THINK TO HELP THE SOUTH A replaced McClellan is put back in charge after this defeat Things not looking good for Union

10. The Battle of Antietam Lee’s objectives – a victory in the border state of Maryland might convince this border state to secede! Might convince GB to recognize Confederacy!

11. September 17 th, 1862 Antietam = The bloodiest single day of the war 23,000 casualties Considered the bloodiest battle of entire war

12. McClellan’s Blunders! Advantage: Union! had a copy of Lee’s battle plans! Lee forced to retreat when unable to break through Union lines McClellan does nothing Militarily, battle is a draw BUT LINCOLN DECLARES IT A UNION VICTORY!?!

13. Why is Antietam so important? Announced the Emancipation Proclamation! Freed all slaves in states that had left the union Did not free the slaves in the border states!?!

14. Effects Changed goal of war from preservation (keeping together) of Union → abolition Kept the border states loyal Ended possibility of British recognition since England had already abolished slavery

15. Effects (con’t) Allowed for the recruitment of African- American soldiers Ended the criticism of Radical Republicans, who wanted Lincoln to make abolition of slavery a goal of the war

16. Grant at Vicksburg: 7/1863 Union now has total control of the Mississippi River through Vicksburg → difficult to transport food to southern cities “Bread riots” break out in Southern cities

17. Lee’s last gamble: GETTYSBURG July 1-4, 1863 Lee tries a 2 nd invasion of the North 3 day battle end with the failure of Pickett’s charge –Out of 15,000 Confederate troops, only 100 survive Union victory seen as turning point of war Helped Lincoln to win re-election in 1864 July 1 – 3, 1863

18. Both sides struggle to keep armies manned 1862 – Confederate draft begins –20 Negro Law 1863 – Union draft after Union defeat at Fredericksburg –$300 buys you a “substitute soldier” –“bounty jumpers” use this to make $$$ Is this a “poor man’s fight?”

19. ROLE OF OTHERS IMPORTANCE OF RAILROADS: –Lifelines for the armies; if you cut the rails, enemies would not be able to send and get supplies –Transport food, supplies, weapons; advantage for North which had more railroad mileage than the South Focus on the railroads as a key targets came at the Battle of Petersburg (Union attacked Confed RRs) IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN: –Dorothea Dix: Superintendent of Nurses Placed women to work in hospitals –Louisa May Alcott: author of Little Women; worked for Dix –Clara Barton: volunteer in the war; cared for wounded soldiers 1877, founded the American Red Cross Women organizations created hospitals; worked to keep military camps clean; Other duties worked for Treasury Department and worked in factories making weaponry, made uniforms Some women pretended to be mean and served as soldiers until discovered

20. IMPORTANCE OF BLACKS IN ARMS –Made possible with the Emancipation Proclamation –185,000 troops enlisted in Union forces; about 38,000 died from illness or battle –54th Massachusetts: all- Black regiment under the leadership of Col. Robert Shaw Led the brave charge at Fort Wagner, SC, in 7/1863

21. End of War: Appomattox Court House: 4/1865 Read the account of Lee’s surrender to Grant. Official end to the Civil War Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant On Dec. 6, 1865, the 13th Amendment will be passed, officially abolishing or ending slavery

22. SAVE FOR RECONSRUCTION Election of 1864: Lincoln v McClellan Not sure Lincoln can win! New running mate chosen = Andrew Johnson → southerner & small slaveholder--Why would Lincoln have him as a running mate? To get southern support Lincoln sends South a message → the North will treat you fairly!

23. Lincoln’s Inaugural Address “With malice toward none; with charity for all…” Lincoln tries to convince the South to stop fighting!