1. Classical Greece:
Part Two

2. Introduction:
Greece is a peninsula region on the Aegean Sea. Classical Greeks viewed the center of their world (the Hellenic world) as the Aegean. All those lands touching the Aegean were Greek lands.

4. Throughout most of their classical history, the Greeks were never unified politically or militarily. They were simply a group of independent city-states that shared a common culture (religion, language, traditions.)

5. The Greeks fought each other more than they fought non-Greeks (who they referred to as barbarians; because their language sounded like sheep sounds).
All this changed when a large eastern empire (the Persians) invaded the Greek world.

6. II. Persian Wars (500-479 B.C.E.) Cause: Result: Persia invasions
Greece
Battle of Marathon
Battles of Thermopolae; & Salamis.
Result:
Greece won, but rivalry between the city-states caused the Peloponnesian Wars.

7. The Persian Empire

8. The Persian War was an attempt
to take
advantage of
Greece’s
disunity.

9. Military Differences Greeks:
Benefit of fighting on known terrain.
Fought in heavily armored infantry units (called hoplites)
Spartans are well trained.

10. Persians: Largest army & navy in the world.
Poorly armored (short spears, and wicker shields)
Cultural differences leading to poor motivation.
Long time to organize, & required a lot of supplies.

11. Hoplite armor:

12. King Darius of Persia, in the hopes of conquering Athens, invades Greece in 490 B.C.E. along the beaches of Marathon. - The Athenians defeat the Persians & Phidippides runs home with the victory news. This begins the traditions of the Marathon race.

14. Revolt in Egypt
Darius was unable to follow up his defeat in Greece. Seeing Persian weakness Egypt revolts against Persian rule
Darius dies fighting the Egyptians.
Xerxes, son of Darius, defeats the Egyptians and vows to finish his father’s work.

15. King Xerxes invaded Greece with a military 10 times larger than the combined Greek military.

16. Greek Response:
The Greeks held council and decided to unit in defense of their homeland.
Spartan leaders were elected to lead the combined Hellenic military.
It was decided to make a stand against the Persians at the narrow pass of Thermopylae, where the Persian could not use their superior numbers.

18. King Leonidas and 500 Spartans held off the entire Persian army at the pass of Thermopylae. They fought to the death defending the pass!

19. Pass at Thermopoylae

20. Following their defeat at Thermopylae, the Greeks decide to make a last stand at the straits of Salamis, where the Persians would not be able to use their numerically superior navy. Since Athenian Triremes were more maneuverable, they would have an advantage.

21. Greek Trireme; standard military ship

22. Athenian admiral Themistocles led the Greeks to its greatest naval victory of the war.

23. The naval victory at Salamis sets the stage for the final defeat of
the Persians
at the Battle
of Platea!

24. III. The Golden Age:
Greece’s victory over the Persians gave rise to the “Golden Age” of Greek culture.
Achievements during the “Golden Age”:
Democracy - Medicine
Philosophy - Science
Drama - History
Poetry - Art

25. What is Philosophy?
A Philosopher is a lover of wisdom.
He/she studies the questions of human reality and human existence.

26. Philosophical School at Athens

27. Socrates is considered
“The Father of Greek philosophy”

28. He believed that people needed to think for themselves by questioning everything.
He argued that
pure truth could
never really be
discovered.
He often criticized
democracy.
Teaching had previously been focused on memorization
Socratic Method: Questions  receive answer  ask another question, etc.
Goal: to live a good life  question what is good, justice, truth
Believed rule by the uneducated, unskilled was unwise  makes enemies
Tried the denying the existence of the gods, for corrupting minds of the youth and for mocking democracy; sentenced to death by poisoning

29. Plato A student of Socrates, who believed in rule by an aristocracy.
Wrote “The Republic”
Founds the Academy, school of philosophy
Wrote dialogues: imaginary conversations among several people; Socrates is the primary speaker along with his students and prominent Athenians (this is how we know what we know about Socrates)
Emphasized reason  leads us to the concept of idealism, that there is a “perfection” for everything, which is understood by reason
Wrote the Republic – discusses the organization of society; roles people should serve
Defines aristocracy as being made up of philosophers with great wisdom, ability and understanding of justice

30. Aristotle A student of Plato & teacher to Alexander the Great.
He explored the idea of good government (which governments make the best men.)
He developed rules of logic (men are ruled by “natural laws”.)
More concrete than Plato
Wrote about biology, physics, mathematics, logic, literature, psychology, ethics, and politics

31. Greek Drama:
Drama was created to honor the god Dionysus. (God of wine and song.)

32. Sophocles; was a Greek dramatist who wrote tragedies such as “Oedipus Rex” & “Antigone”

33. Greek Theatre (in Athens)

34. Sappho was a Greek Poetess who wrote of love and female virtue.

35. Hippocrates was a Greek medical scholar who looked for natural rather than supernatural causes of illnesses.

36. Aristarchus:
Greek astronomer who believed in the Heliocentric theory (the sun is the center of the solar system.)
His theory was opposed by Claudius Ptolemy who taught that the earth is the center of the solar system (Geocentric).

37. Erastosthenes:
Greek astronomer who calculated the circumference of the earth with amazing accuracy by measuring angles of the sun.
This information was “forgotten” until Columbus’ incorrect estimation in1492.

38. Archimedes
Greek physicist who
studied pulleys and levers.
He developed theories of
power & force.

39. Aristotle
Greek philosopher that collected, described, and classified plants & animals. This was the foundations of western botany, zoology & anatomy.
Pythagorean theorem: Square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides

40. Pythagoras Greek mathematician who developed the Pythagorean theorem.
Pythagorean theorem: Square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides

41. Herodotus
Greek historian who wrote about the Persian Wars.
He often exaggerated the “facts”, and did not hesitate to include his personal opinions (bias).

42. Thucydides
Greek historian who wrote about the Peloponnesian Wars.
He tried to be objective and record only the “facts” without including his personal opinions (bias).

43. Phidias
Greek sculptor who studied anatomy and
produced
“realistic”
figures.

44. Characteristics of Greek Art
Glorified Human beings
Represented the City-state
Represented the Greek Ideas of beauty and usefulness
:Glorified Humans. Works, deeds, strength, intelligence, pride, and courage
:The City State, thanked gods for their cities. Athena in the Parthenon
:Ideals, Balance, Harmony, Order, Moderation
:Beauty and Usefulness, Clearly defined purpose, yet artistically done.

45. Discus Thrower :By Myron

46. Temple of Zeus

47. The Parthenon of Athens; Temple to Athena

48. IV. Pelonponnesian Wars (431-404 BCE)
Cause:
Rivalry between Greek city-states after the Persian Wars.
Result:
Weakened city-states; thus facilitated the invasion of the Macedonians lead by (Phillip II and
Alexander the Great)

49. To protect the Aegean from further Persian threat, Athens formed a military alliance called the Delian League.
Out of fear of an Athenian Empire, Sparta also formed a military alliance called the Peloponnesian League.

51. In 431 B.C.E. the two Leagues went to war.
It wasn’t long until the Greeks forgot the unity they had enjoyed against the Persians and began to fight each other again.
In 431 B.C.E. the two Leagues went to war.

52. Military Differences:
Athens: Sparta:
Strongest Strongest
Greek Greek Navy. Army.

53. How Sparta Beat Athens:
A plague hit Athens killing 1/3 of its people.
Sparta got the help of Persia during the war (money & ships)
Athens suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Syracuse.

54. The war lasted until 404 B. C. E
The war lasted until 404 B.C.E. with the surrender of Athens to Sparta.
But the war left all of Greece weakened and vulnerable to outside attack.

55. V. Rise of Macedonia: Known as the Hellenistic Age (379 – 144 B.C.E.)
Lasted from the Fall of Greece to the Rise of Rome

56. Greece was finally conquered in 379 B. C. E. by the Macedonians
Greece was finally conquered in 379 B.C.E. by the Macedonians. Under the leadership of Philip and his son Alexander.
Philip of
Macedonia
Alexander of Macedonia

57. Philip of Macedonia
Macedonia was the northern part of Greece. It was a buffer zone between the Greek world and the barbarians. The Macedonians admired Greek culture; but most Greeks saw them as “hillbillies/rednecks.”
In his desire to be more Greek, King Philip conquered the Greeks after the Peloponnesian War.

58. Alexander the Great
He promised the Greeks in return for their alliance, he would conquer Persia.
His empire stretched from Greece to the Indus River
His civilization was a mix of Greek and Eastern elements called the Hellenistic Culture.

59. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

60. What’s purple and conquered the world?
Alexander the Grape

61. HELLENIC VS. HELLENISTIC
Ethnicity
Language
Government
Unit
Philosophy
Greek
Oligarchy/ Democracy
City-state
Optimistic
Greek and Eastern
Greek
Divine Right Kingship
Empire
Fatalistic

62. The End!