1. Nazi Germany: The historical context

2. Preliminary points German history not ‘pre-Nazi’ German history not ‘peculiar’ Fascism and anti-Semitism European phenomena Nazism not a ‘breakdown in the works’ Is Nazism a ‘past that will not pass away’? [die Vergangenheit, die nicht vergeht]

3. Key dates in modern German History 1648: Peace of Westphalia ends 30 years war 1789: French Revolution 1806: Battle of Jena – defeat of Prussia. Dissolution of Holy Roman Empire 1815 defeat of Napoleon 1848 Nationalist revolutions (failed?) 1871 Establishment of German Empire

4. Blackbourn and Eley, The Peculiarities of German History

5. German Empire 1871

6. Revolution 1917: Reichstag Peace resolution Russian Revolution Fatherland Party January 1918 Mass strikes November 1918: Defeat and revolution Sailors’ soldiers and workers ‘councils’ Stab in the back myth Räterepublik or parliamentary democracy?

7. Occupation of Berlin newspaper quarter- Lindenstraße

8. Counter-revolution Post-war crisis, 1918-1923 Crushing of Spartakus uprisising by Freikorps Murder of Rosa Luxenburg, Karl Liebknecht Suppression of Munich Räterepublik Kapp putsch, March 1919 Hitler Putsch, November 1923 Partial justice: Emil Julius Gumbel, Four years of political murder (1922)

9. George Grosz: Hunger, Hilfe der Kunstler Edmonde Guy with AEG Vampyr

10. Social Democratic Party (SPD) 1919

11. Independent Social Democrats (USPD) 1920

12. Communists (KPD) 1919

13. Liberals (DDP) 1929

14. Catholics (Zentrum) 1932

15. Conservatives (DVP) 1920

16. Nationalists (DNVP) 1919

17. Nazis (NSDAP) 1929

18. Reichstag elections 1920

19. Reichstag Election July 1932

20. Nazi vote / Catholic population

21. Politics Fewer political parties than the Empire Proportional representation not problematic Clause 48 used well by Friedrich Ebert Democracy comes to an end in 1930 Nazis peaked in July 1932: Hitler not elected Who were the Nazis? Was there a ‘national revolution’ in 1933?