1. Napoleon – General, Tyrant and Reformer

2. Napoleon’s Rise and Fall (chapter 20 sections 3 & 4)
Objectives:
Students will explore how Napoleon rose to power through guided lecture.
Students will identify how Emperor Napoleon came to dominate Europe and change the fabric of France through article investigation.
Students will explore what events caused disaster and defeat for Napoleon by listening to Victor Hugo, Russia 1812 and guided lecture.
Students will discover the goals and achievements of the Congress of Vienna through guided lecture. .

3. Napoleon’s Rise to Power3
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
Napoleon Bonaparte, ruthlessly ambitious, rose from army captain to ruler of France in a very short time. He took advantage of the turmoil of the French Revolution.
Napoleon, brilliant military leader
In charge of French interior at 26
Invaded Italy and Egypt
Defeat by Admiral Horatio Nelson kept from newspapers
Became national hero
Opportunities for Glory
Napoleon Seizes Power
Directory weak and ineffective
Fear of royalists and of European opposition
November 1799 coup d’état
France to be led by Consulate
Napoleon voted first consul, in effect a dictator
Napoleon promised order and stability, pledging to uphold key reforms. The French gave up some freedoms for peace and prosperity.

5. Emperor Napoleon Once France under control, Napoleon turned to Europe5
Emperor Napoleon
Once France under control, Napoleon turned to Europe
Napoleon crowns himself
Submitted a plebiscite before voters
Emperor Napoleon I
Desire for empire
Wanted to rule Europe and the Americas
French expedition to Saint Domingue (Haiti today) failed
Napoleon sold Louisiana Territory to the United States and turned his focus to Europe

6. 6
Napoleonic Wars
Extension of wars fought during the French Revolution, would last a decade
France dominant power in Europe by 1812
Napoleon defeated Russian and Austrian troops at Austerlitz
Invaded both Portugal and Spain
The Peninsular War
French withdrew due to guerilla warfare and English involvement.
Unable to subdue English with Continental System
Designed to stop trade from England to the rest of Europe
Placed Relatives in charge of conquered territories

7. 7

8. Napoleon’s Policies 8 Anti-religious nature of French Revolution over
Church-State Relations
Anti-religious nature of French Revolution over
Concordat recognized influence of Roman Catholic Church
Economic Reforms
Established the Bank of France to regulate economy
More efficient tax-collection system
Legal and Educational
Napoleonic Code developed
Order and authority over individual rights
Schools for government and military positions
Legacy—Age of Napoleon
Democratic ideas
Equality before law, representative system
Spread of nationalism

9. 9
Disaster and Defeat
Portugal
Napoleon surprised by inability to control Portugal
Peninsular campaign was a failure
Russia
Czar Alexander I didn’t like French troops on western border
Russia hurt by Continental System; country needed imports
Costly Mistake
Napoleon turned east in 1812
Hoped to teach Russia a lesson

11. The Russian Campaign 1111 Napoleon and army of 600,000 troops
June 1812
Napoleon and army of 600,000 troops
Marched across Russian border
French Army
New recruits with no loyalty
Supplies lost or spoiled
Disease, desertion, and hunger
No One to Fight
Russian troops pulled east
French victory at Borodino, but Russian army still strong
Pushed to Moscow but found city in flames
Retreat Homeward
Ruined city, no winter supplies
Starvation and freezing temperatures decimated army
Only 94,000 men survived

14. Defeat and Exile to Elba
1414
Defeat and Exile to Elba
Europe allied against France and Napoleon
Led by England
Napoleon raised another army, but troops inexperienced
In October 1813 Napoleon defeated at Battle of the Nations near Leipzig
In March 1814, victorious allies entered Paris.
Terms of surrender—Napoleon gave up throne and went into exile on tiny island of Elba

15. French monarchy restored with King Louis XVIII King remains unpopular;
1515
The Last Campaigns
The Hundred Days
French monarchy restored with King Louis XVIII
King remains unpopular;
Napoleon returns after year in exile
Louis panicked and fled; Napoleon declared outlaw by allies
Paris cheered Napoleon’s return
Brief period of renewed glory-the Hundred Days

16. The Last Campaigns 1616 Duke of Wellington led final confrontation
Battle of Waterloo
British and Prussian armies
Crushing defeat for Napoleon
End of the Napoleonic Wars
Tried to escape capture, sent to exile in Saint Helena
Volcanic island in South Atlantic
Remained imprisoned for six years
Died at 51; cause of death never determined
Best theory stomach cancer
Napoleon’s Final Days

18. The Congress of Vienna 1818 Negotiators Metternich
Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria leader of Congress of Vienna
Metternich
Distrusted democracy and political change
Wanted to reestablish the old order (absolute monarchy)
Continue the power of the Hapsburgs in Austria
Dominated the congress, wanted to restore the balance of power
Goals for Other Decision Makers
Make sure France could not rise again to such power
Put down revolution wherever it might appear
Remove traces of French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule
France was not allowed to keep any conquered territory
Boundaries back to 1792
Forced to pay indemnity, or compensation for damages

19. 1919 Napoleon had eliminated royal control in many countries.
Restoring Monarchies
Napoleon had eliminated royal control in many countries.
Members of the old Bourbon royal family were returned to the thrones of Spain and Sicily.
Monarchies were restored in Portugal and Sardinia.
Metternich’s Influence
His reactionary attitudes influenced politics and society.
Wanting a return to absolute monarchy, he despised constitutions, voting rights, and freedom of religion and the press.
Liberal ideas were suppressed in Austria, the German states, and northern Italy.

21. The Revolution’s Legacy
2121
The Revolution’s Legacy
Was the French Revolution a failure?
After Congress of Vienna, monarchs ruled again
Citizens’ rights restricted
Nobles returned to their previous lifestyles
French Revolution changed Europe
Monarchies no longer secure
Common people learned they could change the world
Ideals of human dignity, personal liberty, and equality
Enlightenment crossed the Atlantic to Latin America, eventually inspired political movements in Asia and Africa

22. General
Tyrant
Reformer