1. Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West
Chapter 8

2. Europe Faces Revolutions
Chapter 8 Section 2

3. Clash of Philosophies
Different ways of political thought struggled for dominance in Europe
Conservative-wealthy property owners, supported what type of gov’t?
Liberal-middle-class business owners/merchants, supported what type of gov’t?
Radical-lower/working class, supported what type of gov’t?

4. Nationalism Develops
Nationalism began to spread and people in Europe became loyal to the nation/people instead of who?
Only a few countries in Europe were independent (France, England, and Spain) they were called nation-states
Which groups felt nationalistic? What were these groups trying to achieve?

5. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
___________ was the first country to gain independence with a nationalist movement against the Ottoman Turks
Greeks Gain Independence
Many powerful countries supported Greece’s nationalists, why?
Greece becomes an independent nation in 1830
1830s Uprisings Crushed
Nationalist riots took place in Belgium, Italy, and Poland…who was losing power?
1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite
Austria, Hungary, and the Czech Republic experienced ethnic revolts, meaning what?
Conservatives and liberals went back and forth, vying for power

6. Radicals Change France
The attempt of Charles X to restore the monarchy in France causes __________ to __________.
The Third Republic
His replacement, Louis-Phillipe is overtaken in favor of a what?
Parisians are split on what reforms to make, end up accepting a moderate constitution with a president
France Accepts a Strong Ruler
Louis-Napoleon wins election and becomes Emperor Napoleon III…what were the French people most worried about?

7. Reform in Russia
Feudalism continues to exist in Russia, why doesn’t the czar want to free the serfs? What would be the benefit?
Defeat Brings Change
After Czar Nicholas is defeated in the Crimean War, his son Alexander II takes over and wants to modernize Russia
Reform and Reaction
Frees the serfs but debt ties them to the land
After Alexander II’s assassination. AIII takes over and nationalists call for industrial development

8. 8.2 Daily Questions
Explain the differences between conservative, liberal, and radical political thought in Europe in the 1800s.
Were the peasants in Russia better off after serfdom was abolished? Why or why not? Explain
Honors Only
Was the election of Louis-Napoleon a victory for radicals? Explain.

9. Nationalism
Chapter 8 Section 3

10. Nationalism: A Force of Unity or Disunity
Nationalism called for a group of people to unite under a single government, having common goals and ideas
Those who wanted to keep the monarchy saw nationalism as a factor that disunited, why?
Nationalism can unify, separate or aid in state building

11. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Breakup of the Austrian Empire
Austrian emperor Francis Joseph splits his empire into two states (although it is called Austria-Hungary) while nationalism swept through the ethnically diverse area
The Russian Empire Crumbles
Russian czars attempt ___________ which tried to force a common culture on all ethnic groups
What was the result?
The Ottoman Empire Weakens
Ottoman Turks are forced to grant citizenship to ethnic groups in their empire…what was the result?

12. Cavour Unites Italy Cavour Leads Italian Unification
Victor Emmanuel (king) and Cavour (his p.m.) attempt to “unite” Italy under the kingdom of Sardinia
Garibaldi Brings Unity
Cavour provokes a war with _________ in order to take over northern Italy
Garibaldi and the “Red Shirts’ conquer and unite southern Italy, making way for the Sardinian king
By taking Venetia and the Papal States, Italy was now a united nation

13. Bismarck Unites Germany
Prussia Leads German Unification
Ethnically homogeneous
Strong army
1848, a constitutional convention is held, Germany was poised for unification
Bismarck Takes Control
Wilhelm I chooses Otto Von Bismarck as his PM who rules using realpolitik…meaning?
Bismarck rules without the consent of Parliament and without a budget

14. Bismarck Unites Germany
Prussia Expands
Forms an alliance with Austria and gains territory in Denmark
Seven Weeks’ War
Bismarck provokes Austria with border disputes and humiliates Austria in the Seven Weeks’ War
Prussia now controlled all parts of “Germany” by the late 1800s

15. Bismarck Unites Germany
The Franco Prussian War
Catholic Southern Germany resisted Prussian authority
Bismarck starts a war with France to rally the support of the south
The Prussian army moves into France and captures Napoleon III
Final stage in German unification. Wilhem I is crowned kaiser

16. A Shift in Power Europe’s major powers after the Congress of Vienna?
Britain and Germany emerge as the most powerful military and economically

17. 8.3 Daily Questions
How did nationalism create a shift in power in Europe in the 19th century?
How was Russification supposed to strengthen Russia?
Honors Only
3. Which empires gained the most from nationalism? Which were devastated by nationalist ideas?

18. Revolution in the Arts
Chapter 8 Section 4

19. The Romantic Movement Enlightenmentromanticism…relati onship?
Religion to reason to emotion
The Ideas of Romanticism
Examples: emotion, the supernatural, nature, heroism, music, tradition, common people, radical change
Romanticism in Literature
______ was the highest form of expression and represented romanticism’s ideals
Von Goethe, the Grimm brothers, and Hugo

20. The Romantic Movement The Gothic Novel Composers Emphasize Emotions
Mary Shelley and Frankenstein
Composers Emphasize Emotions
______________ was the greatest composer of the romantic era…what feelings does it evoke?
Mendelssohn and Chopin brought drama, drawing on literature for inspiration

21. A Shift to Realism in the Arts
Why the shift from romanticism to realism? Characteristics of realism? (the name? I told you, history is hard)
Photographers Capture Reality
Daguerreotypes, the first practical form of photography
Talbot’s light sensitive paper allows photos to be reproduced where? Significance?
Writers Study Society
How was society portrayed by writers like Zola and Dickens?

22. Oswald Achenbach, Abendstimmung in der Campagna, 1850.

23. Eilif Peterssen, The salmon fisher, 1889

24. Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet, 1854. Realist painting by Gustave Courbet.

25. Impressionists React Against Realism
Life in the Moment
Positive view of society in western Europe
Composers used atmosphere and mood to help the listener draw mental pictures
Significant changes occur to art, literature and music after industrialization?

26. “Landscape is nothing but an impression, and an instantaneous one, hence this label that was given us, by the way because of me. I had sent a thing done in Le Havre, from my window, sun in the mist and a few masts of boats sticking up in the foreground....They asked me for a title for the catalogue, it couldn't really be taken for a view of Le Havre, and I said: 'Put Impression.”-Monet

35. 8.4 Daily Questions
Which ideas of romanticism would encourage nationalism, why?
Who were the villains and who were the heroes of realist art and literature?
Is impressionism more like realism or romanticism?

36. Free Writing Activity Write nonstop for 5 minutes.
Do not make corrections as you write.
Keep writing, even if you have to write something like, "I don't know what to write."
Write whatever comes into your mind.
One side of your paper should be about romanticism the other side should be about realism.