1. Unit 2 – Finance Topic 1 - Accounting

2. Accounting
Accounting Information helps individuals both working for the company and those who may have another financial interest in the company make accurate and timely decisions.

3. Users of Accounting Information
Examples include…
Managers
Where can we reduce our company expenses?
Is it wise for the company to stop producing a particular product.
Should the company purchase another company?
How much profit did we make this year?
Can we afford to take on more debt?

4. Users of Accounting Information
Examples include…
Banks
Do we want to provide a loan to this company? How much debt do they already have? What were their sales and profits like in previous years.
Investors
Should I buy shares in this company?
Is this company making steady profits and paying out regular dividends.
Do I want to sell my shares?

5. Accounting Defined Accounting
The process of recording, analyzing, and interpreting the economic/financial activities of a business.

6. Accounting Concepts Transaction
Any business activity that involves the exchange of money.
Examples:
Company purchases computer equipment for $
Company pays an employee $300 for wages earned.
A customer purchases $100 worth of merchandise
The business pays a portion of the bank loan it owes to the bank.

7. Accounting Concepts Bookkeeping
The recording of all the business transactions
Most businesses use a computer software to record and track financial information.

8. Accounting Concepts Double-Entry Bookkeeping
Each transaction involves at least two changes.
Examples:
Employees get paid $3000 for weeks wages.
Business bank account decreases.
The total amount of money the company has spent to date on wages increases.
The business purchases computer equipment for $500.
The business bank account decreases.
The amount the business has spent on computer equipment has increased.
The bank receives a bank loan for $20 000
The business bank account increases.
The total debt the business now owes increases.

9. Accounting Concepts Net Worth Owner’s Equity
The dollar value of a person after subtracting all their debts from what they own. (Own – Owe = Net Worth)
Owner’s Equity
The dollar value of a business after subtracting all its debts from what the business owns.
(Assets – Liabilities = Owner’s Equity)

10. Calculating Your Net Worth
OWN
OWE

11. Calculating Your Net Worth
OWN OWE = Net Worth
Individual
Assets Liabilities = Net Worth

12. Net Worth For Business
Sole Proprietorship Business:
One owner
Assets Liabilities = Owner’s Equity
Partnership
Two or more owners
Assets – Liabilities = Partnership Equity
Corporation
Shareholders are the owners
Assets – Liabilities = Shareholder’s Equity

13. Accounting Concepts Assets Item that is owned
Items may be purchased with cash (equity); or
Items may be purchased through debt (a loan)
Items may be a gift
Money a customer owes the business
Examples may include:
Equipment
Furniture
Electronics
House
Building
Automobiles
Accounts Receivable – money owed by a customer

14. Accounting Concepts Liabilities
Debts or amounts owed to others (creditors)
Examples:
Bank Loan
Accounts Payable – money owed to a supplier
Transaction example:
You received a bank loan to purchase a car.
Your assets increased by the amount of the car.
But the total amount you owe, your liabilities have also increased by the same amount.

15. U.S.’s Net Worth http://www.brillig.com/debt_clock/

16. Preparing Financial Statements
Three Types of Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
Income Statement/ Statement of Operations
Cash Flow Statement

17. Balance Sheet Balance Sheet
States the financial position of a company on a specific date
Lists the company’s assets, liabilities and owner’s equity.

18. Preparing the Balance Sheet
Step 1: Fill in the statement heading
Who? The name of the business
What? The name of the financial statement
When? The date the statement is prepared

19. Preparing the Balance Sheet
Step 2: List the Assets
Liquidity
Assets are listed in order according to how easily they can be converted into cash.
For example, cash requires no conversion so it is listed first.
Accounts receivable is money customers owe and is usually paid within 30 days, so it is listed second.

20. Preparing the Balance Sheet
Step 3: List the Liabilities
Listed in the order by maturity date - the date which they must be repaid with the earliest being recorded first.
For example, accounts payable will likely be repaid before a bank loan and a mortgage.

21. Preparing the Balance Sheet
Step 4 – Complete the Owner’s Equity Section
State the owner’s equity amount
Step 5 – Balancing the Balance Sheet
Total Assets should be equal to Total Liabilities and Owner’s Equity.
Total Assets should be indicated on the same line as Total Liabilities and Total Owner’s Equity.
The totals should be double underlined.

22. Mark’s Repair Shop Balance Sheet September 30, 2011
Assets Liabilities
Cash $ Accounts Payable $
Accounts Receivable Bank Loan
Supplies Mortgage Payable
Inventory Total Liabilities $
Equipment
Building Owner’s Equity
_______ Bianchet, Equity $
Total Assets $ Total Liabilities & Owner’s Equity $

23. Report Form of a Balance Sheet
Marks’ Repair Shop
Balance Sheet
September, 30, 2011
Assets
Cash $
Accounts Receivable
Supplies
Inventory
Equipment
Building
Total Assets $
Liabilities
Accounts Payable $
Bank Loan
Mortgage Payable
Total Liabilities $
Owner’s Equity
Bianchet, Equity
Total Liabilities and Owner’s Equity $

24. Income Statement Income Statement
States the revenues and expenses of a business and its net profit/income and/or loss over a specific period of time.
Revenues
Money received or the promise of money, received from the sale of goods and/or services.
Example
Book Store sold $30 worth of books for cash.
Book Store sold $1 000 worth of text books on credit. The school will pay the book store in 30 days. (Accounts Receivable)
Expenses
Costs of operating the business on a daily basis.
Salaries and wages expense, hydro expense, telephone expense, advertising expense

25. Income Statement Service Business:
Net Profit/Income = Total Revenues > Total Operating Expenses
Net Loss = Total Revenues < Total Operating Expenses
Merchandise Business:
Businesses purchase merchandise and then sell it at a higher price to consumers.
Cost of the merchandise/inventory sold must also be subtracted from the total revenues.
Net Profit = Total Revenues – Cost of Goods Sold – Operating Expenses; when Total Revenues > than Cost of Goods Sold + Operating Expenses.

26. Preparing the Income Statement
Step 1: Fill in the statement heading
Who? The name of the business
What? The name of the financial statement
When? The period of time which the statement is covering.
i.e. (For the year ended December 31, 2009)
(For the month ended November 30, 2009)
(For 3 months ended July 30, 2009)

27. Preparing the Income Statement
Step 2 :
List all the sources of revenue
Step 3:
Prepare the Cost of Goods Sold Section for a Merchandise Company
Step 4:
List all the operating expenses
This is step 3 for a Service Business.
Final Step:
Calculate the net income/profit or net loss.

28. Mark’s Repair Shop Income Statement For the month ending September 30, 2011
Revenue
Repairs Revenue $
Total Revenue $
Operating Expenses
Salaries $
Rent
Advertising
Supplies
Utilities
Insurance
Delivery Expense
Total Expenses $
Net Income $ 3 110

29. Clare’s Shirt Shop Income Statement For the month ending September 30, 2011
Revenue
Sales $
Total Revenue $
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of Goods Sold
Gross Profit $
Operating Expenses
Wages $
Rent
Advertising
Supplies
Utilities
Insurance
Total Expenses $
Net Income $

30. Cash Flow Statement Cash Inflow
Lists all the cash coming into the business (i.e. cash sales, payment of Accounts Receivables, )
Cash Outflow
Lists all the cash going out of the company (payment of Accounts Payable, cash payment of bills, or purchases of assets, payments made on loans)

31. Cash Flow Terminology Positive Cash Flow
There is more money flowing into the company than flowing out of it.
Negative Cash Flow
There is more money flowing out of the company than there is flowing into it.

32. Key Points
Just because a company has made a profit, does not mean it has a positive cash flow.
Where does the cash from sales go to?
- purchasing assets
- paying expenses
- paying off debts
Cash outflows can still exceed any net profits.

33. Cash Flow Key Points
A negative cash flow can lead to insolvency and potentially bankruptcy of a company if it is not managed carefully.

34. 7 Ways To Boost Your Cash Flow
Increase the price of goods
Reduce your costs and expenses where possible. Shop around for the best deal.
Consider leasing instead of purchasing.
Reduce the amount of inventory on hand.
Use long-term debt as much as possible as opposed to short-term debt
Manage your Accounts Receivables better
Stretch your deadlines for Accounts Payable if possible

35. Interpreting Financial Statement
Comparing information from one year to the next or from one company to the next.
Information is then used to help make effective business and financial decisions.

36. Resources
Wilson, Jack et al. The World of Business (5th ed.) Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd., 2007