1. PERCEPTION OF MUSIC & LANGUAGE

2. Anthony J Greene2 Music Perception Musical notes –Sounds of music extend across frequency range: 25 – 4200 Hz –To increase by one octave double the frequency –Intervals that sound good together have overlapping harmonic frequencies

3. Anthony J Greene3 Music Perception

4. Anthony J Greene4 Music Perception Tone height: A sound quality whereby a sound is heard to be of higher or lower pitch; monotonically related to frequency Tone chroma: A sound quality shared by tones that have the same octave interval Musical helix: Can help visualize musical pitch

5. Anthony J Greene5 Music Perception Rhythm: Not just in music –Lots of activities have rhythm: Walking, waving, finger tapping, heartbeat, breathing, etc. –More examples: Car, train rides

6. Anthony J Greene6 Speech Perception 1.Cortical Areas For Speech Perception and Production 2.Phonemes Articulation Forment transitions 3.Speech Segmentation 4.Intonation & Prosidy

7. Anthony J Greene7 Broca’s Area & Wernicke’s Area

8. Anthony J Greene8 Aphasia Broca's aphasics produce slow, halting speech that is rarely grammatical. They generally retain their vocabularies and have no difficulty naming objects or performing other meaning-related tasks. In general, they can deduce the meanings of sentences from general knowledge, but cannot understand sentences whose syntax is essential to their meaning. Wernicke's aphasics are able to produce generally grammatical sentences, but they are often nonsensical and include invented words. Wernicke's aphasics show few signs of understanding others' speech, and have difficulty naming objects.

9. Anthony J Greene9 Phonemes - The auditory components of speech 43 Phonemes An alphabet for spoken language -- non- decomposable All sounds English words can be built from a combination of phonemes

10. Anthony J Greene10 Articulation: Consonants 1 Place of articulation: –Lips: b, p, m –Alveolar ridge: d, t, n –Soft palate: g, k, ng

11. Anthony J Greene11 Articulation: Consonants 2 Manner of Articulation: –Totally obstructed: b, p, d, t, g, k –Partially obstructed: s, z, f, v, th, sh –Slightly obstructed: l, r, w, y –Initially obstructed: ch, j –Nasals: n, m, ng

12. Anthony J Greene12 Articulation: Consonants 3 Voicing: –Voiced: b, m,z, l, r –Voiceless: p, s, ch

13. Anthony J Greene13 Articulation: Vowels Front Vowels Central Vowels beet about bit but bait bet Diphthongs at bite boy Back Vowels bough boot book boat cause cot

14. Anthony J Greene14 Recognizing Phonemes 1 Place of articulation: Front Middle Back

15. Anthony J Greene15 Recognizing Phonemes 2 Manner of articulation: Obstructed Unobstructed

16. Anthony J Greene16 Recognizing Phonemes 3 Voicing:

17. Anthony J Greene17 Recognizing Phonemes Vowels

18. Anthony J Greene18 Recognizing Phonemes Vowels

19. Anthony J Greene19 Speech Segmentation The problem of determining which phonemes are to be grouped into words before you know what has been said

20. Anthony J Greene20

21. Anthony J Greene21 Speech Segmentation Appears to be largely a function of context, learning common phoneme groupings, common segmentations and familiar phrases

22. Anthony J Greene22 Speech Segmentation Appears to be largely a function of context, learning common phoneme groupings, common segmentations and familiar phrases "I owe you a yo-yo". "Mares eat oats and does eat oats, and little lambs eat ivy, a kid'll eat ivy too, wouldn't you?"

23. Anthony J Greene23 Spectrogram: I owe you a yo-yo

24. Anthony J Greene24 Speech Segmentation (cont.) When speaking with someone who doesn't understand what you just said, or with a young child, we tend to put audible spaces between words in order to assist segmentation Many errors of speech perception occur because of improper segmentation - " 'scuse me while I kiss the sky" - or with one phoneme shift -" 'scuse me while I kiss this guy".

25. Anthony J Greene25 Intonation & Prosidy Meaning is carried in intonation "Oh yeah, that course is Great" or "That's it, you're finished” Prosidy is not only distinct behaviorally, but neuropsychologically as well

26. Anthony J Greene26 Language Acquisition Discernable speech sounds require reinforcement: Retroflex Consonant

27. Anthony J Greene27 Language Acquisition

28. Anthony J Greene28 Universal Grammar Critical Period Human Specific Behavior The structure of syntax: The case for generative grammar Insufficiency of Experience Creoles & ASL

29. Anthony J Greene29 Associative Learning and Language While language is a remarkable capacity, a predilection for language acquisition does not imply a “universal grammar” Purely associative neural network models can learn language and do so remarkably similarly to humans

30. Anthony J Greene30 Resolution of The Debate Ethology: The Ecological Perspective for Learning: Conrad Lorenz Prepared and Unprepared Learning Nativism Vs. Empiricism Redux: Language acquisition, as with other learning is associative (empiricism),but occurs within systems adapted for certain types of acquisition (nativism)