2. Themes in Anglo-Scottish Relations: 1. Scottish Expansionism: desire to hold:- Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancaster etc. As well as Huntingdon and Tynedale

3. Themes in Anglo-Scottish Relations 2. Vague, ill-defined English superiority over Scottish monarchy and kingdom. 3. Jurisdictional dispute between English and Scottish churches - i. coronation/unction ii. Archbishop of St Andrews iii. Church taxes 4. Factors which help maintain peace: cross-border landholding; shared culture and values; marriages.

4. Malcolm III (1058-93) - 1072 attacks Norham but forced to give personal submission to William the Conqueror - 1093 killed attacking northern England.

5. General Trends:- 1. English military superiority. 2. Personal Monarchy - opportunism of one king when the other dies or has domestic problems...

6. David I (1124-53) Born 1085; brought up at Norman court of England; brother-in-law of Henry I, who made him a Justiciar, sheriff and earl of Northumbria and Huntingdon. 1107 used threat of Norman invasion of Scotland to force brother Alexander I to give him the Lothians...

7. David I (1124-53) - 1135 Henry I dies and King Stephen takes English throne. David I seizes northern England counties… - 1138 David loses battle of Standard - 1140 David helps enemies of Stephen, including France, in hope of securing Northumberland - 1153 David dies at Carlisle

8. Malcolm IV (1153-65), ‘the Maiden’ - 1156 - has to give up all English lands except Huntingdon and Tynedale to Henry II - gives personal submission to Henry II - 1160 serves Henry II in France

9. Treaty of Falaise, 8 December 1174 - William I loses lands he holds in England - magnate hostages and Scottish southern castles to Henry II - Scottish church to be subject to Archbishop of York as ‘customary’ - William and all heirs to do homage to Henry II ‘for Scotland and all his other lands’ - Magnates and prelates of Scotland also to do homage to English king. See Duncan, The Making of the Kingdom, chapter 9.

10. Quitclaim of Canterbury, 5 December 1189 - Richard I releases William I of Scotland “and his heirs for ever” from 1174 treaty - William to be restored to English lands held by Malcolm IV - William to pay 10,000 merks (£6,666) to Richard I. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Papal Bull Cum Universi, 13 March 1192 Scotland a ‘special daughter’ of Rome.

11. Relations c. 1190-1220 William continues to press for influence in northern England… 1200 - John forces him to pay 15,000 m and to give daughters’ hands Alexander II, 1214- 1215-7 Scots’ aggression 1217 - Alex. Gives up claims 1220 - plan to wed Henry III’s sister 1237 - near war as Huntingdon lost

12. Treaty of York, 25 September 1237 - Alexander II renounced claims to northern English lands - gave up any claim to recover 15,000 merks which William I paid to John I in return for royal marriage promises in 1209. - Left with Tynedale (worth £200 p.a.)

13. Alexander III (1249-86) and Henry III (1216-72) - See A. Young August 1244 Anglo-Scottish peace reaffirmed - Prince Alexander to wed Henry III’s daughter, Margaret. 1251 - marriage of Alexander and Margaret - Canterbury parliament where Alexander refuses to give homage to Henry for Scotland, not just for his English lands. 1251-60 - rival Scottish noble groups appeal to Henry III to give them power in Scotland during Alexander’s minority.

14. Lands of Scottish kings in England before 1286.

15. 13th century: 9 of 13 Scottish earls had lands in England 7 of 22 English earls had lands in Scotland - Noble Intermarriage - Anglo-Norman culture

16. Alexander III (1249-86) and Henry III (1216-72) - See A. Young August 1244 Anglo-Scottish peace reaffirmed - Prince Alexander to wed Henry III’s daughter, Margaret. 1251 - marriage of Alexander and Margaret - Canterbury parliament where Alexander refuses to give homage to Henry for Scotland, not just for his English lands. 1251-60 - rival Scottish noble groups appeal to Henry III to give them power in Scotland during Alexander’s minority.

17. Edward I of England (1272-1307)

18. October 1278 Westminster Parliament English version:- ‘I, Alexander, become the liege man of the Lord Edward, King of England, against all men.’ Scottish version:- Alexander III: ‘I become your man for the lands which I hold of you in the realm of England, for which I owe you homage, saving my realm.’ Bishop of Norwich: ‘Be that saved to the king of England if he have a right to your homage for that kingdom.’ Alexander III: ‘No-one has a right to homage for my kingdom save God alone, and I hold it only of God.’ See Barrow, Kingship and Unity, P. 156 or Duncan, P. 589.

19. ‘Much Good may come to pass’ Jan-Feb 1284 - last of Alexander III’s children dies; Maid of Norway named as heir April 1284 - Edward I’s first son, Edward born Alexander III’s letter to Edward I - hint of possible marriage of Prince Edward to Maid? 1285 - Alexander = Yolande of Dreux

20. 19 March 1286.