1. Unit 4: Sensation & Perception Definitions Sensory Systems Vision Hearing The Other Senses Perception

2. STIMULUS A form of energy in the environment which can elicit a response.

3. SENSE A particular physiological pathway for responding to a specific kind of stimulus energy.

4. SENSATION The process by which stimulus energies are detected and encoded.

5. TRANSDUCTION The breaking down of stimulus energies into neural impulses.

6. What's out there (stimuli) is far removed from what we sense and perceive!

7. The Senses Vision Audition Gustation Olfaction Touch

8. Some other senses: Equilibrium-balance Kinesthesis-limb position & movement “Internal” Sense

9. Vision Physiology of the Eye How We See Color

14. Vision- Receptors Receptors in the Human Eye ConesRods Number Location in retina Sensitivity in dim light Color sensitive?Yes Low Center 6 million No High Periphery 120 million

15. How we see color u Trichromatic (three color) Theory –Young and Helmholtz –three different retinal color receptors v red v green v blue

16. How we see color Opponent-Process Theory- opposing retinal processes enable color vision “ON”“OFF” red green green red blue yellow yellow blue black black white black white black

17. Color-Deficient Vision u People who suffer red-green blindness have trouble perceiving the number within the design

18. Audition Physiology of the Ear

20. Gustation The Other Senses Gustation Four basic taste sensations: SWEET, SOUR, SALTY, BITTER

22. Olfaction The Other Senses Olfaction Physiology

23. Smell

24. Seven Basic Smells? u Floral u Minty u Musky u Pungent u Putrid u Ethereal u Camphoraceous

25. Touch The Other Senses Touch Four basic touch sensations: PAIN, PRESSURE, WARM, COLD Pressure sensitivity and the two-point discrimination

27. PERCEPTION The mental process by which sensations are organized and interpreted.

28. The Gestalt Psychologists Nature Theories The Gestalt Psychologists Our perceptual abilities are inborn! Gestalt means-the whole is greater (different) than the sum of its parts. Gestalt principles of perceptual organization

29. Proximity A perceptual tendency to group together visual & auditory events that are near each other.

30. Similarity A perceptual tendency to group together similar elements.

31. Continuity A perceptual tendency to group stimuli into smooth, continuous patterns.

32. Closure A perceptual tendency to fill in gaps thus enabling one to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object.

33. Figure-Ground The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings.

34. Depth Perception Nature Theories Depth Perception Our ability to see depth or see in three dimensions. Eleanor Gibson & the visual cliff

36. Depth Perception Binocular & Monocular Cues Retinal Disparity Convergence Relative Size Overlap/Interposition Texture Gradient Relative Motion Linear Perspective

37. Nurture Theories Our abilities to perceive are learned through experience!

38. Perceptual Constancy Nurture Theories Perceptual Constancy Perception that objects have a constant size, shape and color regardless of sensory changes.

39. Perceptual Set Nurture Theories Perceptual Set A mental predisposition that influences what we perceive. WHAT INFLUENCES OUR PERCEPTUAL SET? Immediate context, culture, etc.