1. Animal Bites Or Stings

2. ANIMAL BITES Animal bites most commonly occur from household pets.
Rarely, a child can come in contact with wild animals or vicious dogs.
Dog bites are most common. Cat bites are less common, but have a higher risk of infection. Cat teeth are longer and sharper, which can cause deeper puncture wounds.
Bites may be:
Minor bites that do not break the skin.
Major bites that break the surface of the skin.

3. ………….. Animal bites
Any bite that breaks the skin causes a wound very vulnerable to infection.
Bites from non- immunized domestic animals & wild animals  risk of rabies.
Any wound has risk

4. First Aid Measures For minor bites:
………….. Animal bites
First Aid Measures
For minor bites:
Clean the wound thoroughly with soap & water.
Apply a topical antibiotic (prevent infection)
Cover the bite with a clean bandage or gauze.

5. Bites break the skin surface.
………….. Animal bites
For major bites:
Bites break the skin surface.
Cuts
Puncture wounds
Narrow but deep
If the wound is bleeding slightly, it is best NOT to stop the bleeding.
(allowing it to bleed is one of the best ways to flush foreign material from the wound.)
Apply pressure to stop the bleeding.
Narrow but deep  can drive bacteria and germs deep into the tissue.
 difficult in cleaning and removing of the bacteria.
Clean the wound with soap & water.
Clean the wound with soap & water.

6. Cuts Puncture wounds ………….. Animal bites
Make sure the wound is clear of dirt & foreign material.
The edges can be held together by using a bandage.
N.B.: If the wound is on the neck or face or covers large sections of the body --- seek immediate medical help.
Cover the puncture with a loose gauze to keep dirt & debris out of the wound.
Clean the puncture several times /day for the first 4 or 5 days.
Watch for sign of infection (redness, swelling, pus, fever).
???? Antibiotic topical

7. ………….. Animal bites
For infection:
Signs of infection (such as swelling, redness, increased pain or oozing , localized warmth at bite site, fever)  see your doctor immediately.
The most common antibiotics prescribed are amoxicillin/clavulanate.
AUGMENTIN is an oral antibacterial combination consisting of amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanate potassium

8. ………….. Animal bites
Doctors recommend getting a tetanus shot every 10 years. If your last one was > 5 years ago and your wound is deep or dirty, physician may recommend a booster shot within 48 h of injury.
For suspected rabies:
Animal might carry rabies (any wild or domestic animal of unknown immunization status)
 see your doctor immediately.
Tetanus is a serious illness caused by tetanus bacteria. The bacteria live in soil, saliva, dust and manure. The bacteria usually enter the body through a deep cut, like those you might get from cutting yourself with a knife or stepping on a nail.
If you suspect the bite was caused by an animal that might carry rabies (including any wild or domestic animal of unknown immunization status)  see your doctor immediately.

9. SNAKE BITES
Snakebites may lead to death. Most species of snake are harmless.
Unless you are absolutely sure treat it seriously.

10. ………….. Snake Bites
First Aid Management:
Safely & quickly identify the species of snake, if practical. Move victim to safety. Call for medical help.
Remove any jewelry or tight fitting clothing (because the affected area may swell).
Quickly tie a light restricting band both above & below the bite area a few inches away from the bite marks.
(Check constriction bands periodically as swelling may occur and loosen as appropriate.)
You must take care even when handling a dead animal; the venom of many creatures (snakes) is just as active in death as in life.
Immobilize bitten arm or leg (↓ absorption of venom).
Apply a loose splint → ↓ movement of affected area (not restrict blood flow).
Remove jewellery: swelling progress rapidly → could cut off blood flow.
DO NOT
Cut into a snake bite with a knife or razor (can damage underlying organs   risk of infection).
Try to suck out the venom by mouth (not remove venom).
Use alcohol (↓ pain but  VD ↑ venom absorption). Cut into a snake bite with a knife or razor (can damage underlying organs   risk of infection).
Try to suck out the venom by mouth (not remove venom).
Use alcohol (↓ pain but  VD ↑ venom absorption).

11. Apply strong suction: ………….. Snake Bites without cutting.
within seconds of the bite (Time is critical here as any venom present will become destructive very quickly!).
directly on the main or deepest bite marks.
using a commercial bite kit suction device.
Immobilize bitten arm or leg (↓ absorption of venom).
Apply a loose splint → ↓ movement of affected area (not restrict blood flow).
Remove jewellery: swelling progress rapidly → could cut off blood flow.
DO NOT
Cut into a snake bite with a knife or razor (can damage underlying organs   risk of infection).
Try to suck out the venom by mouth (not remove venom).
Use alcohol (↓ pain but  VD ↑ venom absorption). Cut into a snake bite with a knife or razor (can damage underlying organs   risk of infection).
Try to suck out the venom by mouth (not remove venom).
Use alcohol (↓ pain but  VD ↑ venom absorption).

12. Rapidly apply antiseptic cleanser to the entire area.
………….. Snake Bites
Rapidly apply antiseptic cleanser to the entire area.
Place cold compress as closely as possible without interfering with suction process.
(Alternate the location of compress to avoid injury from severe cold)
Monitor for symptoms of shock.
Keep victim as comfortable as possible.
Immobilize bitten arm or leg (↓ absorption of venom).
Apply a loose splint → ↓ movement of affected area (not restrict blood flow).
Remove jewellery: swelling progress rapidly → could cut off blood flow.
DO NOT
Cut into a snake bite with a knife or razor (can damage underlying organs   risk of infection).
Try to suck out the venom by mouth (not remove venom).
Use alcohol (↓ pain but  VD ↑ venom absorption).

13. Protect the victim from further side effect trauma.
The primary purpose of this first aid is to:
 invasion of the venom.
Protect the victim from further side effect trauma.
Prepare the victim for later medical procedures such that complications may be minimized.
Quickly & safely get the victim to such treatment.

14. Brown Recluse Spiders can be serious & life threatening.
Spider Bites
Most spider bites are harmless and cause only a mild irritation. However, people can have allergic reactions.
Bites from:
Black Widow Spiders
Brown Recluse Spiders can be serious & life threatening.

15. Symptoms of a Black Widow or Brown Recluse Spider Bite:
………….. Spider Bites
Symptoms of a Black Widow or Brown Recluse Spider Bite:
A Deep purple or blue area around the bite surrounded by a white ring surrounded by a larger red ring
Rash that spreads over the body.
Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting.
Stiffness and pain in the joints.
Muscle stiffness, twitching, spasms or tightness.
Pink or reddish urine.
Headache, fever, loss of appetite, General feeling of illness.

16. First aid for minor spider bites
( patient does not have any of the above symptoms)
Remove any stinger left. Drag the edge of a credit card over the bite to loosen the stinger. Avoid using tweezers (can accidentally squeeze the venom sac and release more venom into the body).
Wash the bite with soap and water
Place ice packs on the bite (10 min on & 10 min off, repeat as needed).
Use an antihistamine ointment if needed.
Monitor the patient for the next few days for signs of infection.

17. First Aid for major spider bites
include
Poisonous bites
(Black Widows & Brown Recluse)
If the patient shows any of the symptoms of a Black Widow or Brown Recluse bite, get to a hospital immediately
If possible collect the spider that caused the bite for identification
Bites that cause allergic reactions
If the patient shows signs of an allergic reaction, call medical emergency immediately
(signs include: shortness of breath, swelling of the face, difficulty swallowing or breathing, nausea and vomiting)

18. While waiting for help to arrive:
Check the patient's breathing. If they are not breathing and there is no sign of a pulse begin CPR.
In case of swelling  remove rings and restrictive clothing.
In case of shock  lie them down and elevate their feet 12 inches.
Don’t apply a tourniquet.
Don’t give the patient aspirin or other pain medications.

19. Scorpion stings Common in hot countries.
Small insect that have long tails with a sting in the end.
Its stings are very painful but unlikely to kill.

20. ………….. Scorpion stings
First Aid management:
Rest the casualty in a comfortable position and don’t let the casualty move about if agitated.
Remove any venom or blood from around the wound by wiping outwards from the wound itself. Never cut the side of the bite.
Don’t raise the injured limb (this helps the venom to spread).
Apply a pad or sterile dressing to the wound.
Bandage the wound firmly, if possible, with a crepe or two way stretch bandage.
Call the emergency services, if you can do so without leaving the casualty.
Immobilize the limb.
Crepe= textiles a light fine fabric with a crinkled surface
2-Way Stretch Technology is an elasticated tubular bandage that offers stretch both in width and length.

21. Tick Bites
It's common picking up ticks, particularly if you live in the country or have pets.
Most ticks do not carry disease and will not cause any harm.
Western black legged tick
Deer tick
When a Tick Bites
Ticks are common throughout the United States. They live outdoors in grass, trees, shrubs, and leaf piles. Unfortunately for us, they’re attracted to people and their four-legged pets, and can easily move between the two. If you’ve spent any time outdoors, you’ve likely encountered ticks at some point.
Tick bites are often harmless, in which case they do not cause any noticeable symptoms. However, some tick bites can be dangerous or even deadly. Learn how to recognize ticks, symptoms of tick-borne illnesses, and what to do if a tick bites you.
What Are Ticks?
Ticks are small, blood-sucking bugs. They can range in size from as small as a pin’s head to as large as a pencil eraser. Ticks have eight legs. They are arachnids, which means they are related to spiders. The different kinds of ticks can range in color from shades of brown to reddish brown and black. 
As they take in more blood, ticks become larger and larger. At their biggest, ticks can be about the size of a marble. After a tick has been feeding on its host for several days or weeks, they become engorged and can turn a greenish blue color. 
What Do Tick Bites Look Like?
Ticks prefer warm, moist areas of the body. Once a tick gets on your body, they are likely to migrate to your armpits, groin, or hair. When they are in a desirable spot, they bite into your skin and begin drawing blood.
Unlike most other bugs that bite, ticks typically remain attached to your body after they bite you. If one bites you, you will likely know because you found a tick on your skin. After a period of several days or weeks of drawing blood from your body, an engorged tick can detach itself and fall off.
What Are the Symptoms of a Tick Bite?
Tick bites are usually harmless and may produce no symptoms. 
However, if you are allergic to tick bites, you may experience pain or swelling at the bite site, a rash, burning sensation, blisters, or even difficulty breathing.
Some ticks carry diseases, which can be passed on when they bite. Tick-borne diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, and usually develop within the first few weeks after a tick bite. Potential symptoms of tick-borne diseases include:
red spot or rash near the bite site
neck stiffness
headache or nausea
weakness
muscle or joint pain or achiness
fever or chills
swollen lymph nodes
Be sure to seek medical attention immediately if a tick bite results in serious symptoms.
What Other Bites Resemble a Tick Bite?
Tick bites are usually easy to identify. This is because the tick can remain attached to the skin for a long period of time (several days or even weeks) after it first bites. Most tick bites are harmless and will cause no physical signs or symptoms.
Tick bites are typically singular because ticks do not bite in groups or lines. If your bite site becomes red or swells, the bite may resemble a spider bite.
Can Tick Bites Cause Other Problems?
In rare cases, ticks can transmit a disease to human hosts. These diseases can be very serious. Most signs or symptoms of a tick-borne disease will begin to occur within the first few weeks after a tick bite. If you begin experiencing unusual symptoms, it’s important that you seek medical care and let your doctor know that a tick recently bit you. He or she may conduct tests to determine whether your symptoms are the result of a tick-borne disease.
Here, a list of disease that can be transmitted to you through a tick bite:
Lyme disease
Colorado tick fever
Rocky Mountain spotter fever
tularemia
ehrlichiosis 
Where Are Ticks Found?
Ticks live outdoors. They hide in grass, trees, shrubs, and underbrush. If you are outside hiking or playing, you may pick up a tick. A tick may attach itself to your pet, too. Ticks may stay attached to your pet, or they can migrate to you while you’re petting or holding your pet. Ticks can also leave you and attach themselves to your pets.
Various kinds of ticks are populous throughout the country. Most states have at least one type of tick known to live there. Ticks are at their peak population in the spring and summer months. 
How Are Tick Bites Treated?
The most important thing to do when you find a tick on you is to remove it. You can remove the tick yourself with a tick removal device or a set of tweezers. Grasp the tick close to the skin’s surface. Pull away from the skin, trying not to bend or twist the tick. Check the bite site to see if you left any of the tick’s head or mouthparts in the bite. If so, remove those. Clean the bite site with rubbing alcohol or soap and water.
You do not need to take medicine or see a doctor for a tick bite unless you begin developing symptoms or do not want to remove the tick yourself. If you remove the tick yourself, be aware of any unusual symptoms, which might indicate you may have contracted a tick-borne illness as a result of the bite.
Carry
Lyme Disease.

22. …………..tick bites
The tick bite involves insertion of cutting, tube-like, mouthparts through the host’s skin with anchoring so that the tick can feed for hours, days or weeks. Saliva flows outward initially & the blood meal flows inward afterward.
Ticks are known to transmit organisms causing lyme disease, Rocky Mountain fever, Q fever, tick-borne encephalitis & others.
Tick bites are often not felt, the 1st evidence of envenomation may not appear until several days later, when small macules develop.
The patient often complains of difficulty with gait & locomotor paresis & paralysis. Problems in speech & respiration may ensue & lead to respiratory paralysis if the tick is not removed.
Removal of the tick usually results in a rapid & complete recovery, although regression of paralysis may resolve slowly.

23. First aid management: How to remove a tick: How to remove a tick
…………..tick bites
First aid management:
How to remove a tick
How to recognize Lyme Disease.
How to remove a tick:
Use a tweezers to grasp the tick
Pull the tick straight out to remove it. Once removed, drown the tick in alcohol.
Wash your hands and the affected area.
Swab alcohol on the affected area.
rock = transitive and intransitive verb to swing or sway backward and forward or from side to side, or cause something or somebody to swing or sway in this way, especially with a slow gentle rhythm.
Never use petroleum jelly or a hot match to kill and remove a tick. These methods don't get the tick off the skin, and can cause the insect to burrow deeper and release more saliva (which increases the chances of disease transmission).
How to Remove a Tick
 If you have a tick, it is important to remove it properly. Using fine-tipped tweezers, grasp the part of the tick that's closest to your skin -- you want to grab the head, not the belly. Slowly pull the tick straight out, without twisting it. Wash the bite site with soap and warm water. Throw the dead tick into the trash. Do not use a lit match, nail polish, petroleum jelly, or other topical agents in an attempt to remove a tick.
If possible, seal the tick in a container. Put the container in a freezer. Your doctor may want to see the tick if you develop signs or symptoms of illness after a tick bite.
DO NOT
turn or rock the tick (cause its head to remain in the body).
try to burn the tick or use petroleum jelly.

24. How to Recognize Lyme Disease:
…………..tick bites
How to Recognize Lyme Disease:
Flu like symptoms (headache, stiff neck, fever, muscle aches & fatigue).
Rash:
Appear: day or month after bite.
A unique enlarging rash days to weeks after bite (60% patients ).
Patients with a dark skin , the rash resembles a bruise.
seek medical help.
Rash may start as a small, reddish bump (diameter =0.5 inch). It may be slightly raised or flat. It soon expands outward, often leaving a clearing (normal flesh color) in the center. It can enlarge to the size of a thumb print or cover a person back.
Lyme disease is an infection that is transmitted through the bite of a tick infected with a bacterium called Borrelia burgdorferi. Ticks typically get the bacterium by biting infected animals, like deer and mice. Most people who get tick bites do not get Lyme disease. Not all ticks are infected, and the risk for contracting the disease increases the longer the tick is attached to the body.
Symptoms: Early Stage
Within one to four weeks of being bitten by an infected tick, most people will experience some symptoms of Lyme disease. A circular, expanding rash (called erythema migrans) at the site of the bite develops in about 70%-80% of cases. Some people report flu-like symptoms at this stage, including fever, chills, headaches, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, joint pain, and muscle aches
If the disease is not detected and treated in its early stages, it can extend to more areas of the body, affecting the joints, heart, and nervous system (after several weeks to months after the initial bite). Additional rashes may occur, and there may be intermittent periods of pain and weakness in the arms or legs. Facial-muscle paralysis (Bell's palsy), headaches, and poor memory are other symptoms at this stage, along with a rapid heartbeat and some loss of control of facial muscles. Symptoms: Late-Stage Disease
This is the most serious stage of the disease, when treatment was either not successful or never started (usually occurring many months after the initial bite). Joint inflammation (arthritis), typically in the knees, becomes apparent, and may become chronic. The nervous system can develop abnormal sensation because of disease of peripheral nerves (peripheral neuropathy), and confusion. Heart problems are less common, but can include inflammation of the heart muscle and an irregular beat.
Diagnosing Lyme Disease
Doctors can diagnose the disease through physical findings such as a "bull's-eye" rash along with a history of symptoms. But not everyone has the rash, and not everyone can recall being bitten. Special blood tests can be taken three to four weeks after suspected contact to confirm the diagnosis. Other tests, such as a spinal tap or skin biopsy, may be done to help diagnose or rule out other conditions.
Treating Lyme Disease
Most Lyme disease is curable with antibiotics, particularly when the infection is diagnosed and treated early.  Later stages might require longer-term, intravenous antibiotics
Is There a Lyme Disease Vaccine?
Currently, there is no human vaccine for Lyme disease. A vaccine was developed years ago for use in high-risk areas, but it is no longer available. 
Preventing Lyme Disease
Avoid tick bites whenever possible by staying clear of grassy or wooded areas, especially May to July. Cover your body head-to-toe when entering possible tick-infested areas. Apply an insect repellent containing DEET directly to your skin. Insect repellents containing permethrin can be applied to clothes to kill ticks on contact, but never apply to the skin. When coming in from outdoors inspect your body thoroughly for ticks; do the same for pets. Wash your skin and scalp to knock off any ticks that are only loosely attached.
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Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted primarily by deer ticks.
Not all deer ticks are infected with the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. And a tick that is infected has to be attached to a person's skin for at least hours before it can transmit that bacteria. Since you don't know how long the tick was attached, watch for signs that your daughter might be developing the illness.
Many kids who have Lyme disease develop a red rash at the site of the tick bite, which sometimes has a characteristic "bull's-eye" appearance. In the week or two after the tick bite, look for an expanding ring of solid redness or a red bump surrounded by clear skin that is ringed by an expanding red rash. The rash may be accompanied by flu-like symptoms like fever, headache, fatigue, and muscle and joint aches.
If she has a bull's-eye rash or other symptoms that can occur in Lyme disease, call your doctor right away. Early diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease can prevent serious illness and long-term complications. When diagnosed quickly and given a course of antibiotics, kids with Lyme disease almost always have a good outcome.
Parents can help prevent kids from being exposed to ticks by making sure they wear protective clothing and apply insect repellant containing DEET, especially when playing in grassy or wooded areas where ticks live. Check kids for ticks every day.

25. Honey bees can only sting once.
Bee Stings
Honey bees can only sting once.
After they sting you, they fly away and die because they leave part of their intestine along with the stinger.
Ticks القراد
Hives [hahyvz] is an allergic skin reaction causing localized redness, swelling, and itching.
Severe reactions:
Difficulty breathing
Swelling of the lips or throat
Faintness
Dizziness
Confusion
Rapid heartbeat
Hives
Nausea, cramps and vomiting

26. ………….Bee Stings
Sign and Symptoms:
Local reactions: immediate pain, redness & a wheel at the sting site.
Severe allergic reactions - small %.
Apply cool compresses to the area (↓ pain & swelling).

27. First Aid Management: Apply cool compresses to the area , no ice.
Remove the stinger by either pulling it out or scraping it with a straight-edged object.
Avoid squeezing the sac (release more venom).
If the victim suffers from difficulty in breathing or his pulse is shallow, call for medical help.
………….Bee Stings
Apply cool compresses to the area (↓ pain & swelling).

28. Thank you