1. BOT3015L Overview of Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Protists Presentation created by Danielle Sherdan All photos from Raven et al. Biology of Plants except when otherwise noted

2. Tree of Life www.tolweb.org Plants (embryophytes) Angiosperms Gymnosperms, seedless, and non-vascular Animals Fungi All the rest of the eukaryotes, protists (Today, focus on autotrophic protists) Cyanobacteria gave rise to chloroplasts and autotrophic protists gave rise to plants Endosymbiosis

4. Chosen examples of protists Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Dinophyta Bacillariophyta Oomycota Phyla Gave rise to plants Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens Reason for choosing

5. Some ecological aspects of algae (photosynthetic protists) Plants are to land as __________ are to wateralgae Provide shelter, food, and substrate Base of the aquatic food chain Environment and adaptations Human and protist affairs (some presented within)

6. Chosen examples of protists Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Dinophyta Bacillariophyta Oomycota Phyla Gave rise to plants Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens Reason for choosing

7. Chlorophyta Green algae Share some characteristics with plants: Chl a, as the reaction center pigment in PSII, a feature shared with cyanobacteria and all photosynthetic eukaryotes. Associated with oxygenic photosynthesis. Chl b, part of light-harvesting complex that balances energy between the PSI and II and accommodates cyclic flow. Store starch in plastids Cellulose cell walls (usually for Chlorophyta) Plants (embryophytes) evolved from aquatic green algae Retention of female gametes in embryophytes is advantageous in terrestrial environments. In the coming weeks, we will be discussing more about the evolutionary trends in plants, which have become well adapted to terrestrial environments

8. Chlamydomonas Chlorophyta examples Above taken from Berkley site Museum of Paleontology ~1µ m Unicellular type

9. Chlamydomonas Chlorophyta examples Example of one type of asexual reproduction From Outlaw lecture

10. Chlamydomonas Chlorophyta examples Example of one type of sexual reproduction in this phylum Zygotic meiosis From Outlaw lecture

11. Chlorophyta examples Volvox From Outlaw lecture Colonies ~1-2mm Colonial type (one path to multicellular that was an evolutionary dead end)

12. Chlorophyta examples Spirogyra Sexual reproduction Zygotic meiosis ~0.5mm Filamentous (one path towards multicellularity)

13. Chlorophyta examples Ulva Parenchymatous (path to multicellularity that led to plants) Sexual reproduction by alternation of generations

14. Chlorophyta examples Acetabularia Siphonous form Mermaid’s wine glass

15. Chlorophyta examples Desmids Xanthidium (Charophyceae) EuastrumMicrasterias

16. Chlorophyta examples Chara Apical growth Nodes and internodes Complex reproductive structures NOT embryophytes Gametangia Top: oogonium Bottom: antheridium ~0.25mm cm range

17. Chosen examples of protists Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Dinophyta Bacillariophyta Oomycota Phyla Gave rise to plants Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens Reason for choosing

18. Rhodophyta examples Bonnemaisonia Batrachospermum

19. Rhodophyta examples Coralline type Important in coral reef structure

20. Rhodophyta examples “Nori” in Japanese diet Poryphyra

21. Rhodophyta examples Algae farmers in the Phillipines tending a Kappaphycus line culture for carrageenan (gel used in many food products) extraction. © 2000 D. F. Kapraun

22. Chosen examples of protists Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Dinophyta Bacillariophyta Oomycota Phyla Gave rise to plants Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens Reason for choosing

23. Phaeophyta examples DurvilleaCoast of New Zealand

24. Phaeophyta examples Sea palm on exposed intertidal rocks

25. Phaeophyta examples Laminaria

26. Phaeophyta Macrocystis Coast of California Kelp harvester, California More algae farming

27. Phaeophyta examples FucusCommonly rockweed Note the air bladder adaptation

28. example of meiotic gametogenesis From Outlaw lecture

29. Chosen examples of protists Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Dinophyta Bacillariophyta Oomycota Phyla Gave rise to plants Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens Reason for choosing

30. Dinoflagellates phytoplankton Cause red tide (toxic algal bloom) Ceratium Gonyaulax Fish killed by Pfiesteria, which will then feed on the decaying flesh ~1mm ~0.5mm

31. Chosen examples of protists Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Dinophyta Bacillariophyta Oomycota Phyla Gave rise to plants Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens Reason for choosing

32. Diatoms are a diverse group that account for an estimated 25% of the primary production on Earth Diatoms phytoplankton Phylum Bacillariophyta ~0.3mm

33. Chosen examples of protists Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Dinophyta Bacillariophyta Oomycota Phyla Gave rise to plants Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens Reason for choosing

34. Phytophthora infestans on potato From Outlaw lectures

35. Phytophthora life cycle

36. Phytophthora infestans infection