1. Aspirated and Ingested Foreign Bodies Jim Holliman, M.D., F.A.C.E.P. Professor of Military and Emergency Medicine Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine George Washington University Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.

2. Aspirated and Ingested Foreign Bodies Epidemiology ƒPossibly 1500 to 3000 deaths per year in U.S. ƒ80 % of cases are pediatric ƒ80 % of adult esophageal impactions have underlying esophageal disease ƒ< 10 % of pediatric cases have esophageal disease ƒMale to female ratio in children is 2:1 ƒ10 to 20 % require endoscopy ƒ1 % require surgery

3. Effects of Aspirated Foreign Bodies ƒComplete upper airway obstruction : death ƒPartial upper airway obstruction –wheezing –chest pain –mucosal injuries : bleeding ƒLower airway obstruction –atelectasis –pneumonia –decreased breath sounds

4. ƒbuttons ƒtoys ƒpins ƒhair clips ƒmarbles ƒbeverage tops ƒseeds, nuts ƒscrews ƒnails Objects Commonly Ingested or Aspirated by Children ƒhot dogs ; most common cause of fatal aspirations ƒpeanuts ; most common lower airway object ƒcoins ƒbones ƒballoons ƒjacks

6. Fatal aspiration of an old Christmas bow button

7. Redesigned Xmas bow buttons to prevent tracheal blockage if aspirated (also are made with barium so can be seen on X-ray)

8. Eggshell in larynx

9. Thistle in larynx

10. Fatal laryngeal obstruction from a coin

11. Emergency Treatment for Aspirated Foreign Bodies ƒHeimlich maneuver ƒBack blows ƒChest thrusts –note : none of these should be applied if patient is able to speak or cough ƒFinger sweep / grasp –should be done only if object is visible and will not be wedged deeper

14. Chest thrusts for pregnant victims

17. Symptoms of Foreign Body Aspiration into the Tracheobronchial Tree ƒRespiratory arrest ƒStridor ƒNo symptons (up to 40 %) ƒClassic triad (in 40 %) –wheezing –coughing –dyspnea

18. Types of Bronchial Obstruction ƒBypass valve obstruction –air passes in and out –no radiographic changes –may cause no symptoms ƒCheck valve obstruction –exhalation around object prevented –obstructive emphysema results ƒStop valve obstruction –both inspiration and expiration blocked –distal atelectosis results –pneumonitis may occur

19. Check valve obstruction Stop valve obstruction

20. Chest X-ray for Aspirated Foreign Bodies ƒForeign object radiopaque in 6 to 20 % ƒCXR normal in 18 to 33 % ƒCXR findings: –obstructive emphysema –atelectasis –pneumonia ƒExpiratory film enhances CXR yield

21. Inspiratory film on left, expiratory film on right ; Foreign body in left mainstem bronchus

22. Inspiratory film on left, expiratory film on right ; Stop valve obstruction in left mainstem bronchus

24. Left X-ray shows air trapping ; right X-ray (different patient) shows atelectasis

25. Inspiratory film on left ; expiratory film on right ; foreign body in right bronchus

26. 14 month old who presented with 4 day history of dysphagia and fever ; 4 months later was found to have an aortic pseudoaneurism on chest X-ray

27. Other Studies to Consider to Demonstrate Aspirated Foreign Bodies ƒFluoroscopy : may enhance yield to 76 % ƒXerotomography ƒComputed tomography ƒContrast bronchography : usually not useful

28. Management After Diagnosis of Aspirated Foreign Body ƒBronchoscopy : 99 % success rate –rigid : often preferred in kids –flexible ƒ ventilation more difficult ƒ can extract more distal objects ƒPatient should be observed 12 to 24 hours post procedure (till CXR normal)

29. Differential Diagnosis of Partial Airway Obstruction in Children ƒForeign bodies ƒIatrogenic –l aryngeal nerve paralysis –tracheal ulceration or granuloma –vocal cord granuloma ƒInfections –croup/epigloititis –diphtheria –retropharyngeal or peritonsillar absess ƒNeoplasms –hemangiomas –angiofibromas –teratomas –lymphangiomas –recurrent respiratory papillomatosis ƒOther –Lingual thyroid –Congenital craniofacial anomalies –allergic edema

30. Precautions in Partial Airway Obstruction in Children ƒDon't do chest physical therapy –may dislodge object higher in airway ƒGeneral anesthesia required for safe object removal ƒMay be more than one object aspirated

31. Foreign Body Ingestions : Risk Factors ƒDevelopmental immaturity ƒPsychiatric illness ƒAltered level of consciousness ƒStructural dental abnormalities ƒAbnormal deglutition ƒIllicit concealment (drugs) ƒHigh risk foods –Chicken bones –Fish bones

34. Swallowed denture

35. Foreign Body Ingestions : Most Common Types ƒMeat : most common in adults ƒChicken bones : most common cause of perforation ƒSewing needles ƒSafety pins ƒPills –Doxycycline & AZT can cause esophageal ulcers if impacted ƒOther objects listed on slide # 4

36. Barium swallow showing complete esophageal obstruction from a meat bolus

37. Esophageal obstruction from a meat bolus

38. Can opener in the cervical esophagus

39. Aluminum pull-top can opener in the esophagus

40. Safety pin in the cervical esophagus

41. 2 year old with safety pin in the cervical esophagus

42. Pork bone stuck in cervical esophagus

43. Accidentally ingested piece of glass from a casserole dish

44. Fishbones Causing Dysphagia ƒOnly 20 to 35 % of patients with dysphagia after eating fish prove to have a fish bone ƒMost of these are in the posterior pharynx and retrievable with Magill forceps ƒFor persistent symptoms, endoscopy is necessary since only 33 to 50 % of fishbones show on X-ray

45. Fishbone in cervical esophagus

46. Another fishbone in the cervical esophagus

47. Calcified arytenoid cartilages (normal variant) mimicking ingested fishbone

48. Esophageal Foreign Bodies : Symptoms ƒStridor ƒChoking ƒGagging ƒCoughing ƒDrooling / spitting ƒRefusal to eat ƒVomiting ƒChest or neck pain –The person can often point to the level of the obstruction ƒDysphagia ƒOdynophagia

49. Coin Ingestions ƒQuarters are 24 mm. in diameter ƒEsophagus is 17 x 23 mm. in size ƒBefore 1982 pennies were 95 % copper & 5 % zinc ƒSince 1982 pennies are 97.6 % zinc –Zinc is more corrosive than copper ƒCoins tend to lodge in frontal (coronal) plane in esophagus (sagitally if in trachea) ƒUp to 30 % of children with coins lodged in the esophagus may be asymptomatic

50. Coin in upper esophagus

51. Diagnosis of Esophageal Foreign Bodies ƒCXR / neck films always indicated –Should get in 2 planes in case more than one coin ingested ƒConsider dilute barium or gastrografin swallow for radiolucent foreign bodies like food ƒMay order as "alimentary tract" film for kids

52. "Conservative" Initial Treatment for Impacted Food in the Esophagus ƒGlucagon 0.5 to 2.0 mg (usually 1.0 mg) IV or IM –Success rate 20 to 50 % ƒNifedipine 10 mg SL ƒNitroglycerin 0.4 mg SL ƒDiazepam 5 to 10 mg IV ƒAtropine 0.5 to 1.0 mg IV or IM

53. "Invasive" Removal of Esophageal Foreign Bodies ƒFlexible fiberoptic endoscopy –Usually method of choice –General anesthesia may be required in children –If food impaction, may be pushed into stomach rather than removed ƒFoley catheter extraction –Patient must be in head - down position –Only suitable for upper esophageal impactions ƒNasogastric suction or magnet (needs fluoroscopy) –Rare earth cobalt magnet useful for button batteries

54. Unsafe Methods for Esophageal Food Impaction Removal ƒMeat tenderizer (papain) –Has caused esophagitis & deaths from esophageal perforations ƒGas - forming agents –Sodium bicarbonate & tartaric acid –"EZ Gas" (sodium bicarbonate & citric acid & simethicone) –Can rupture esophagus from gas buildup ƒSyrup of ipecac

55. Indications to Emergently Remove Objects from the Esophagus ƒSharp object (e.g. : open safety pin) ƒButton battery ƒPenny (younger than 1982) ƒBone fragment ƒHigh complete obstruction (risk of aspiration) ƒAny potentially corrosive agent ƒAny sign of esophageal perforation

56. Followup of Patients After Endoscopic Removal of Esophageal Foreign Body ƒObserve in E.D. until sedatives wear off (at least 4 hours) ƒReinsert endoscope after object removal (to rule out perforation) ƒDo followup barium swallow in adults –Not necessary in children unless esophagitis present and risk of stricture

57. X-ray Signs of Possible Perforation of the Esophagus ƒAir in : –Cervical soft tissues –Subcutaneous –Supraclavicular –Mediastinum ƒPneumothorax ƒPleural effusion ƒRetropharyngeal swelling

58. Prevertebral air from hypopharyngeal perforation

59. Most Likely Sites of Esophageal Foreign Body Impaction ƒSites of esophageal narrowing : –Cricopharyngeus (15 to 17 cm. from incisors) –Aortic arch (22 to 24 cm. from the incisors) –Left mainstem bronchus (28 to 30 cm. from incisors) –Gastroesophageal sphincter (40 cm. from incisors) ƒPathologic narrowing of esophagus –Intrinsic : tumors, strictures –Extrinsic : tumors, vascular lesions

60. Button Battery Ingestions ƒProbably > 2000 reported cases per year in U.S. ƒButton batteries are 6 to 23 mm. in diameter ƒUsed in calculators, cameras, electronic games, hearing aids, watches, etc. ƒTypes : –Mercuric oxide –Manganese dioxide –Zinc-air

61. Dangers of Button Battery Ingestions ƒEsophageal impaction –Corrosion & esophageal perforation –Some deaths reported ƒDissolution & heavy metal poisoning –No confirmed cases yet - probably because any released mercury is converted to elemental mercury –Lethal dose of mercuric oxide is 0.5 to 1.0 grams, & there is 1.0 to 21 g. mercuric oxide in a battery

63. Stomach and Intestinal Foreign Bodies ƒOnly 1 % of objects that reach the stomach will require surgical removal ƒOnly 2 to 7 % of high risk objects (pins, nails, toothpicks) will need surgery ƒSomewhat higher risk for ingested Christmas ball ornaments (have thinner, sharper glass) ƒ90 % of foreign bodies will pass in less than 7 days

64. Abdominal film of a 41 year old psychiatric patient with abdominal pain

65. Surgical exploration of the same patient revealed a 2 by 3 cm lesser curve gastric ulcer and an interesting variety of swallowed objects

66. Indications for Surgical Removal of A Stomach or Intestinal Foreign Body ƒSigns of obstruction –Persistent vomiting –Progrssive abdominal distention ƒAbdominal pain / peritonitis ƒGastrointestinal bleeding ƒFailure to move distally for > 2 weeks (?)

67. Indications to Admit a Patient with a Foreign Body in the Stomach or Intestine ƒHigh risk object –Sharp point(s) –Cocaine packets –> 6.5 cm. in length –Potential toxin ƒMultiple objects (?) ƒPreexistent GI disease (?)

68. Endoscopic Techniques for Removal of Sharp Foreign Bodies ƒAlligator forceps ƒWire snare ƒMagnet ƒSuction ƒPreplace protective tube over endoscope to protect esophagus during withdrawl of sharp object ƒCan manipulate open safety pins to close them

69. Management of Cocaine Packet Ingestion ƒX-ray to locate & count bags ƒIf symptoms of bag rupture : –Pretreat with labetolol or phentolamine –Emergent surgical removal ƒIf asymptomatic : –Sorbitol or osmotic cathartic –Do followup X-rays to document clearance –Save passed bags for police

70. Nasal Foreign Bodies ƒMay present in children as : –Extremely bad body odor –Unilateral rhinorrhea –Epistaxis –Sinusitis –Use decongestant first for exam ƒMay require general anesthesia for removal ƒSometimes removable with suction, alligator forceps, or inflatable balloon catheter ƒMay need antibiotics post-removal

72. Ear Canal Foreign Bodies ƒInsects (cockroaches) are most common ƒPatients have been misdiagnosed as psychiatric ƒCan fill ear canal with 2 % lidocaine to cause bug to seize & jump out ƒMay require general anesthesia for removal ƒMay need otic antibiotic drops afterward if canal wall injured

73. Rectal Foreign Bodies ƒShould get pelvic / abdominal X-rays first ƒEmergent surgery indicated if any sign of perforation ƒMay require perianal block or general anesthesia for removal ƒCan insert foley beyond object & inflate balloon to assist removal ƒAfter removal do sigmoidoscopy to look for mucosal injury or perforation

74. X-ray of vibrator lost in the rectum

75. X-ray of hand shower misplaced in the rectum