1. Bacterial Diseases

2. Pathogenicity “the state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease”

3. Staphylococcus “a genus of gram-negative, nonmotile, opportunistic bacteria which tend to aggregate in irregular, grape-like clusters”

4. Readings Question #1 Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic of the staphylococci. What are its toxins capable of doing? What enzymes does it produce, and what is their known effect?

5. Staphylococcal Food Poisoning caused by ingesting an enterotoxin high resistance to heat, drying and radiation, and high osmotic pressures inhabitant of nasal passages…contaminates the hands…..readily enters food mechanical vectors mayonnaise, cream sauces

6. Skin and Wound Infections Sty: “infected follicle of an eyelash”

7. Skin and Wound Infections (cont’d) Pimple: infected hair follicle Abscess: more serious hair follicle infection – furuncle/boil: superficial – carbuncle: deeper Risk of underlying tissues becoming infected Toxemia: toxins circulate

8. Scalded Skin Syndrome

9. Toxic Shock Syndrome S. aureus growth associated with the use of a new type of highly absorbent vaginal tampon swell with menstrual fluids and adhere to the vagina tears in the vaginal wall

10. Streptococcus “spherical shaped bacteria occurring in chains” What are the implications for the embalmer when dealing with saprophytes?

11. Streptococcus pneumoniae ( pneumococcus) gram-positive ovoid bacterium cell pairs surrounded by capsule common cause of: 1) lobar pneumonia 2) meningitis 3) otitis media

12. Lobar Pneumonia Readings question #2: What is lobar pneumonia, and how is it characterized? What are some of the predisposing conditions for this disease? penicillin and fluoroquinolones

13. Meningitis 70% of the population are healthy carriers Gram-positive encapsulated diplococcus Leading cause of bacterial meningitis Most cases between 1 month and 4 years Broad-spectrum cephalosporins CSF obtained by a spinal tap Vaccine: Pneumococcal Conjugated Vaccine

14. Otitis Media 85% before 3 years of age (Eustachian Tubes)

15. Streptococcus pyogenes Scarlet Fever: streptococcal pharyngitis Septic Sore Throat: respiratory secretions – penicillin Puerperal Sepsis: Childbirth/Childbed Fever Rheumatic Fever: arthritis and fever – 50% inflammation of the heart – penicillin – Syndenham’s chorea

16. Neisseria gram-negative cocci that inhabit the mucous membranes

17. Readings Question #3 One of the most common communicable diseases in the United States is gonorrhea, an STD caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. How does it attach to the tissues? How does it spread? What is its only natural host? What is its most common symptoms? When do symptoms appear?

18. Gonorrhea leukocytes men: single unprotected exposure- 20-35% women: 60-90% Men:urethra sterility vas deferens

19. Women insidious cervix abdominal pain: PID Men and Women Untreated gonorrhea can disseminate and become a serious, systemic infection.

20. Opthalmia Neonatorum antibiotics/silver nitrate

21. Antibiotic Resistance penicillin fluorquinolone antibiotics frequent coinfection with chlamydia include antichlamydial in treatment – tetracycline Diagnosis: ELISA- detects N. gonorrhoeae

22. Readings Question 4 Gonorrhea is a common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease in women. What are its signs and symptoms? What is epididymitis?

23. PID 1 in 10 women 1 in 4: serious complications coinfection with chlamydial bacteria barrier contraceptives with spermicides salpingitis: most serious form – ectopic/tubal pregnancy Treatment: gonococcus and chlamydia

24. Neisseria meningitides (meningococcus) aerobic, gram-negative bacteria with a capsule, pili, and production of endotoxins endotoxins are primarily responsible for symptoms most distinguishing feature is the rash that does not fade when pressed

25. Meningococcus Rash Spots do not blanch when pressed with the glass.

26. Meningococcus Rash Septicemic Rash

27. Meningococcal Meningitis typically begins with a throat infection which leads to bacteremia, and eventually meningitis generally occurs in children under 2 years residual damage sporadic outbreaks vaccine penicillin and cephalosporin

28. Menningococcemia Gangrene of the hand of a 4 month old.

29. Clostridium obligate anaerobes rod-shaped cells that contain endospores Clostridium botulinum: botulin

30. Readings Question 5 Clostridium tetani causes what bacterial infection? Describe the characteristics of this microbe. Where is it found? What are its symptoms, and what causes them?

31. Gas Gangrene

33. Readings Question #6 Clostridium perfringens is the causative agent of a postmortem condition known as tissue gas. List 3 things that may result in this condition in the decedent. List 7 conditions that predispose the decedent to tissue gas formation.

34. Food Intoxication Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis: one of the more common forms of food poisoning in the United States improper handling of meat during the slaughtering of animals 2 main causes: 1) keeping foods warm for more than 20 minutes 2) inadequate refrigeration

35. Corneybacterium Diptheria: caused by Corneybacterium diptheria 2 forms: 1) respiratory 2) cutaneous

36. Respiratory Diptheria Begins with a sore throat, followed by general malaise and swelling of the neck. DTaP vaccine antibiotics used in conjunction with antitoxin

37. Cutaneous Diptheria C. diptheria infects the skin minimal systemic circulation of the toxin slow-healing ulcerations covered by a gray membrane

38. Reading Question #7 Tularemia/Rabbit Fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. What are the characteristics of this parasite? How can it enter the body? What are the signs associated with this disease? Proliferation can lead to sepsis. Streptomycin is the antibiotic of choice.

39. Salmonella typhi most virulent strain and causes typhoid fever pathogen not found in animals spread only in the feces of other humans S. typhi multiply within phagocytic cells, disseminated into multiple organs phagocytic cells “lyse” high fever and headache are 1 st symptoms diarrhea in 2 nd or 3 rd week

40. Typhoid Fever 350 – 500 annual cases in the United States 70% foreign travel worldwide: 16 million annual cases 600,000 deaths/year cephalosporins 1909 newspaper illustration