1. Coccidioidomycosis “Valley Fever ” By: Isatu Conteh Course: Mycology Date: 11/25/2013

2. Outline of Presentation Background of disease Transmission and Risk Factors Fungal Species Responsible Forms of the disease & Symptoms Treatment Methods of Prevention

3. Statistics 30% – 60% of people who live in an endemic region are exposed to the fungus at some point during their lives. Over 20,000 cases are reported each year in the United States, but many more likely go undiagnosed. In 2012, 12,920 cases of Valley Fever were in Arizona.

5. History of Disease 1891 Buenos Aires, Argentina Soldier, Student, Alejandros Posadas Person to person transmission documented in only 5 cases

7. Whose At Greatest Risk ?

8. Coccidioides

9. Acute Progressive Coccidiomycosis Fever & Headache Muscle aches Nonproductive cough Weight loss Malaise

10. Severe Progressive Coccidiomycosis

11. Treatment Amphotericin B Ketoconazole Fluconazole Itraconazole

12. How Do They Do It? Amphotherin B Amphotericin B acts through pore formation at the cell membrane after binding to ergosterol. AmB induces oxidative damage in the cells. Modulates the immune system, and this activity has been related to the protective effect of the molecule, but also to its toxicity in the host. Azoles 1980s introduced as orally active compounds. Azoles stop fungal growth by preventing fungi from making an essential part of their cell wall. Of the three, previously mentioned azole, Itraconazole is the newest and highly effective against a range of different fungal infections.

13. Don’t Put Your Head in the Sand

14. Prevention Surveillance Mask Prophylactic anti-fungal medication HEPA Air Filters

15. References 1.Fisher M, Koenig G, and Taylor J. 2002. Molecular and phenotypic description of Coccidioides posadasii sp. nov.,previously recognized as the non-California population of Coccidioides immitis. Mycologia. 94(1): 73–84. 2.Galgiani J. 1993. Coccidioidomycosis. Medicine. Volume 159:153-171 3.Greene D, Koenig G, Fisher M, and Taylor J. 2000. Soil Isolation and Molecular Identification of Coccidioides immitis. Mycologia, Volume 92:(3):406-410 4.Hector R. and Laniado-Laborin R. 2005. Coccidioidomycosis a Fungal Disease of the Americas. Americas. PLoS Medicine. Volume 2:1. 5.Kirkland T and Fierer J. 1996. Coccidioidomycosis: A Reemerging Infectious Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Vol. 3(2). 6.Panackal A, Hajjeh R, Cetron M, and Warnock D. 2002. Fungal Infections among Returning Travelers. Volume 35:1088–95. 7.Pappagianis D. and Zimmer B. 1990. Serology of Coccidioidomycosis. Clinical Microbiology Review. Volume 3:3:247 8.Stevens D. 1995 Coccidioidomycosis. The New Englans Journal of Medicine. Vol. 332: 16.