1. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Channel Estimation Techniques Based on Pilot Arrangement in OFDM Systems Authors: Sinem Coleri, Mustafa Ergen

2. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Outline Motivation for OFDM OFDM System Architecture Channel Estimation Techniques Performance Analysis Conclusion

3. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Motivation for OFDM Disadvantages of FDMA –Bad Spectrum Usage Disadvantages of TDMA –Multipath Delay spread problem

4. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam OFDM: Use of Frequency Spectrum Efficient use of spectrum –Overlap in frequency spectrum of subcarriers Null point of all other subcarriers at the center frequency of any particular subcarrier Frequency spectrum of the subcarriers

5. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Multipath Delay Spread Multi-path delay spread definition –Time spread between the arrival of the first and last multipath signal, seen by the receiver. Received radio signal consisting of a direct signal, plus reflections from objects Multi-path delay spread effect –Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) when the delayed multipath signal overlaps with the symbols following it

6. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam OFDM: Eliminating ISI Cyclic Prefix –Prepend the last part of the signal to the beginning of the signal Duration of the CP larger than multipath delay spread Orthogonality of the carriers not affected.

7. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam OFDM Overview Divides high-speed serial information signal into multiple lower-speed sub-signals. –Transmits simultaneously at different frequencies in parallel. Modulation ( BPSK, PSK,QPSK,16QAM, …). Pilot subcarriers used to prevent frequency and phase shift errors.

8. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Benefits of OFDM Higher data rates –Overlap of subcarriers Lower bandwidth than spread spectrum. –High spectral efficiency Lower multi-path distortion –Usage of cyclic prefix

9. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Our OFDM System Assumptions  Usage of cyclic Prefix  Impulse response of the channel shorter than Cyclic Prefix.  Slow fading effects so that the channel is time-invariant over the symbol interval.  Rectangular Windowing of the transmitted pulses  Perfect Synchronization of transmitter and receiver  Additive, white, Gaussian channel noise

10. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam System Architecture-1

11. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam 1 76 54 32 System Architecture-2 Input to Time Domain Guard IntervalChannel Guard RemovalOutput to Frequency Domain OutputChannel EstimationICIAWGNChannelEstimated Channel

12. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Pilot Arrangement Block Type – All sub-carriers reserved for pilots with a specific period Comb Type –Some sub-carriers are reserved for pilots for each symbol

13. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Channel Estimation @Block-Type LS estimateMMSE estimate

14. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Channel Estimation @ Block-Type Block TypeDecision Feedback Interpolation H e -k th sub-carrier Channel Response Estimated X e (k) -> signal demapper -> signal mapper -> X pure (k) Use same channel estimation for the whole symbol duration

15. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Channel Estimation @ Comb-Type Pilot N p pilot signals uniformly inserted in X(k) L=Number of Carriers/N p {H p (k) k=0,1,…,N p }, channel at pilot sub-carriers X p input at the k th pilot sub-carrier Y p output at the k th pilot sub-carrier LMS EstimateLS Estimate

16. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Interpolation @ Comb-Type Linear Interpolation Second Order Interpolation Low pass Interpolation Spline Cubic Interpolation Time Domain Interpolation

17. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Linear InterpolationSecond Order Interpolation Low Pass Interpolation (interp in MATLAB) Interpolation @ Comb-Type Time Domain Interpolation Spline Cubic Interpolation (spline in MATLAB) Insert zeros into the original sequence Low-pass filter while passing original data unchanged Interpolation such that mean-square error between ideal and interpolated values min.

18. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam OFDM Setup ParameterSpecifications FFT Size1024 Number of Carriers128 Pilot Ratio1/8 Guard Length256 Guard TypeCyclic Extension Sample rate of OFDM signal 44.1kHz Bandwidth17.5kHz Signal ConstellationBPSK, QPSK, DQPSK, 16QAM

19. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Channels Delay (OFDM samples)GainPhase(rad) 00.2478-2.5649 10.1287-2.1208 30.30880.3548 40.42520.4187 50.492.7201 70.0365-1.4375 80.11971.1302 120.1948-0.8092 170.4187-0.1545 240.317-2.2159 290.20552.8372 490.18462.8641 DelayAmplitude 01 20.3162 170.1995 360.1296 750.1 1370.1 Channel 1 Channel 2 Time Varying Channel (AR Model) ATTC (Advanced Television Technology Center) and the Grande Alliance DTV laboratory`s ensemble E model Simplified version of (Digital Video Broadcasting) DVB-T channel model

20. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Simulation-1 ModulationBPSK ChannelRayleigh Fading H(n)Channel 1 Doppler Frequency 70Hz

21. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam ModulationQPSK ChannelRayleigh Fading H(n)Channel 1 Doppler Frequency 70Hz Simulation-2

22. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Modulation16QAM ChannelRayleigh Fading H(n)Channel 1 Doppler Frequency 70Hz Simulation-3

23. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam ModulationDQPSK ChannelRayleigh Fading H(n)Channel 1 Doppler Frequency 70Hz Simulation-4

24. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Simulation-5 Modulation16QAM ChannelAR Fading H(n)Channel 1 Doppler Frequency 70Hz

25. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Modulation16QAM ChannelRayleigh Fading H(n)Channel 2 Doppler Frequency 70Hz Simulation-6

26. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Modulation16QAM ChannelRayleigh Fading H(n)Channel 1 SNR40dB Simulation-7

27. MARCH 14, 2009 Telecom Engineering Research Lab, INHA University, Korea S.M.R. Islam Conclusion OFDM System Block Type Direct or Decision Feedback Comb Type LS or LMS estimation at pilot frequencies Interpolation Techniques Linear Second Order Low Pass Spline Time Domain Modulation BPSK,QPSK,16QAM,DQPSK Results: Comb Type performs better since it tracks fast fading channels. Low-pass interpolation performs better since mean square error between the interpolated points and their ideal values is minimized.