1. Selected Phonological Rules / Processes
 Assimilation
 Dissimilation
 Feature Changing
 Segment Insertion
 Segment Deletion
 Movement / Metathesis
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, pp

2. Distinctive Features / p / / b / /m/ Consonantal + + + Stop + + +
Continuant – – –
Labial
Voiced –
Nasal – –
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 267.

3. Segment Deletion / g / before Word-Final Nasal
A B
sign signature
design designation
paradigm paradigmatic
sign signs / signing
design designs / designing
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 279.

4. Segment Deletion: / b / after Word-final / m /
A B
bomb bombardier
iamb iambic
crumb crumble
bomb bombing / bomber
iamb iambs
crumb crumbs
climb climbing / climber
comb combs / combing
lamb lambs
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 310.

5. Segment Deletion: Optional Unstressed Syllable Deletion
mystery mystry
general genral
memory memry
funeral funral
vigorous vigrous
Barbara Barbra
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 279.

6. Phonemic Representations and Phonetic Realizations
A B
compete [ i ] competition [ ǝ ]
medicinal [ I ] medicine [ ǝ ]
maintain [ e ] maintenance [ ǝ ]
telegraph [ ɛ ] telegraphy [ ǝ ]
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 282.

7. Phonemic Representations and Phonetic Realizations
A B
analysis [ æ ] analytic [ ǝ ]
solid [ a ] solidify [ ǝ ]
phone [ o ] phonetic [ ǝ ]
Talmudic [ ʊ ] Talmud [ ǝ ]
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 282.

8. English Syllable Structureσ
Onset Rime
Nucleus Coda
s p l I n t s
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 287.

9. Chinese Syllable Structureσ
Onset Rime
Glide Nucleus Coda
   N
OPTIONAL ( ) ( ) ( )
{ Nasal }
{ Glide }
{ Nothing }
{ -r }
Adapted from The Segmental Phonology of Southern Min in Taiwan, fourth edition. Raung-fu Chung. Kaohsiung: Fu-Wen Books, 1995.

10. Analysis Procedure 1. Collect data
2. Look for phonological patterns and the
contexts (or environments) that show
similarities or differences (See TIP)
3. Organize data according to patterns or
contexts
4. Identify the allophones and their
associated environments
5. Formulate a generalization or rule
TIP: Look for minimal pairs and
complementary distribution

11. Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 7, p. 302)
English
Alveolar non-sonorant consonants become palatalized before (high) front glide that is before a high back vowel
+cons –cons
+alveo +palatal / __ –syllabic +syllabic
–sonor high high front +back

12. Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 8, pp. 302-303)
Japanese
Analyze [ t ], [ tʃ ], [ ts ]
a. Complementary distribution?
Yes
b. [ tʃ ] before [ i ]
[ ts ] before [ u ]
[ t ] in other places
c. All three are allophones of / t /
d. Use / t / everywhere [SURPRISE!]

13. Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 9, p. 303)
Paku (made-up language for TV show)
1. Predictable Stress: penultimate syllable
2. Nasalization of vowels is NOT distinctive.
Rule: +nasalization of vowel before a nasal consonant

14. Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 11, p. 304)
English Possible “Foreign”
Word English
Word
a. [phril] 
b. [skritʃ ] 
c. [khnow] 
d. [maj] 
e. [gnostIk] 

15. Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 11, p. 304)
English Possible “Foreign”
Word English
Word
f. [jũnǝkhɔrn 
g. [fruit] 
h. [blaft] 
i. [ŋar] 
j. [æpǝphlɛksi] 