1. The Bare Bones of Human Anatomy
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2. The function of the skeletal system is:
To provide the supporting framework
To protect the body organs
Bone is a living tissue complete with blood supply and nerves
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3. Bone
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4. Bone Shape
The shapes of the bones allow them to perform specific functions more effectively
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5. Short Bones:
Include bones of ankle (i.e. tarsals) and wrist (i.e. carpals)
– Serve as good shock absorbers
Carpals
Tarsals
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6. Femur
Humerus
Long bones:
Include femur of the thigh, humerus of the upper arm, and others
Any bone whose length greatly exceeds its diameter
Provide levers for movement
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7. Flat bones:
Include bones of the skull, scapula, ribs, sternum, and clavicle
Largely protect underlying organs
Ribs
Sternum
Bones of the skull
Clavicle
Scapula
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8. Irregular Bones: Include bones of your face and vertebrae
Bones that cannot be placed in other groups
Fulfil special functions
Facial bones
Vertebrae
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9. Sesamoid bones: Include patella Oval, like a pea and found in tendons
Femur tendon
Patella
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10. Bone Composition Bone is very strong for its relatively light weight
The major components of bone are:
Calcium carbonate
Calcium phosphate
Collagen
Water
Cortical Bone
Spongy Bone
Medullary (marrow) cavity
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11. Bone Composition Cont’d
Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate:
Make up 60-70% of bone weight
Provide much of the bone’s stiffness and resistance to pressing or squeezing forces
Collagen (a protein):
Gives bone its characteristic flexibility and contributes to its ability to resist pulling and stretching forces
With aging, collagen is lost progressively and bone becomes more brittle.
Water
Bone consists of much smaller proportion of water than other body parts
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12. Bone Classification
According to the degree of porosity, bone can be classified into two general categories:
Cortical bone (low porosity)
Spongy or cancellous bone (high porosity)
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13. Cancellous bone Compact Bone Porosity
High (Low mineral content and high collagen)
Low (High mineral content and low collagen)
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14. Cancellous bone Compact Bone Porosity Structure
High (Low mineral content and high collagen)
Low (High mineral content and low collagen)
Structure
Honey comb
Compact
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15. Cancellous bone Compact Bone Porosity Structure Characteristic
High (Low mineral content and high collagen)
Low (High mineral content and low collagen)
Structure
Honey comb
Compact
Characteristic
Provides more flexibility but is not as stress resistant
Stiffer and can resist greater stress but less flexible
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16. Cancellous bone Compact Bone Porosity Structure Characteristic
High (Low mineral content and high collagen)
Low (High mineral content and low collagen)
Structure
Honey comb
Compact
Characteristic
Provides more flexibility but is not as stress resistant
Stiffer and can resist greater stress but less flexible
Function
Shock absorption due to its better ability to change shape
Withstanding stress in body areas that are subject to higher impact loads
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17. Cancellous bone Compact Bone Porosity Structure Characteristic
High (Low mineral content and high collagen)
Low (High mineral content and low collagen)
Structure
Honey comb
Compact
Characteristic
Provides more flexibility but is not as stress resistant
Stiffer and can resist greater stress but less flexible
Function
Shock absorption due to its better ability to change shape are important
Withstanding stress in body areas that are subject to higher impact loads
Location
e.g., vertebrae
Long bones (e.g., bones of the arms and legs)
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18. Effect of Fitness on Bone
When bones are subjected to regular physical activity and habitual loads, they tend to become denser and more mineralized
e.g. Right forearm of the right-handed tennis player is more dense than her left one from using it more frequently
Inactivity works in the opposite direction, leading to a decrease in weight and strength.
e.g. Loss of bone mass has been noted in bed-ridden patients, inactive senior citizens, and astronauts
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