1. SNS Accumulator Ring Instability Damper and Beam Transfer Function Studies Robert Hardin

2. 2Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Before I Begin… Many Thanks Go To: Craig Deibele, Sasha Aleksandrov, Slava Danilov, Andy Webster, Jeff Bryan, Jim Diamond, George Link, Syd Murray III You … For giving me the opportunity to be here today!

3. 3Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Overview Introduction to the SNS facility Motivation for a ring instability damper system Basic elements of the analog system Experimental damping result highlights Fundamentals of beam transfer function measurements Beam transfer function result highlights Summary and Conclusions

4. 4Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 The Spallation Neutron Source: is an accelerator-driven user facility for neutron scattering research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in USA

5. 5Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 2010

6. 6Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Neutron Radiograph of an ancient Greek lamp Neutrons are used for research in: Biology & Medicine Biotechnology & Energy Fundamental Physics Imaging Magnetism Materials Nanotechnology Superconductivity www.ornl.gov

7. 7Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 SNS Accelerator Complex Front-End: Produce a 1-msec long, chopped, H- beam 1 GeV LINAC Accumulator Ring: Compress 1 msec long pulse to 700 nsec 2.5 MeV LINAC Front-End RTBT HEBT InjectionExtraction RF Collimators 945 ns 1 ms macropulse Current mini-pulse Chopper system makes gaps Current 1ms Liquid Hg Target 1000 MeV 1 ms macropulse 1 ms <1  sec

8. 8Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Baseline Beam Parameters P beam on target : 1.44MW (800 kW – 1MW) I beam average:1.44mA Maximum Beam energy:1 GeV (925 MeV) Duty factor:6% Rep. rate:60Hz Pulse width:1ms

9. 9Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Proton beam follows a sinusoidal path In a perfect world… In the real world… Here the “Tune” is 6.2 .2 determines the phase advance of the beam around the ring “Tune” describes the number of oscillations the beam completes per revolution Hill’s Eq.

10. 10Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Motivation for the instability damper system at SNS As the proton beam accumulates in the ring, the beam can become unstable. Instability can produce losses in the beam, which reduces the power to target and increases radiation in the ring.

11. 11Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Motivation for the instability damper system at SNS (2) electron Electron can be captured by the proton bunch “potential well” until bunch passes. Vacuum Wall Proton Beam

12. 12Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Motivation for the instability damper system at SNS (2.5) “Free (Lost) Proton” Lost protons can cause electrons to be produced by impacting the chamber walls. Electrons are accelerated/decelerated by the proton beam potential, with a net gain of energy. Electrons cascade (secondary, tertiary, etc.) and can survive the gap between beam passages  net gain of electrons. With enough electrons, the protons can be shaken (not stirred) to produce an instability. Electron freed via proton impact

13. 13Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Motivation for the instability damper system at SNS (3) Ring Frequency = 1044389 Hz  Mode ≈ Frequency So why implement a ring feedback system? Minimize or control instabilities in the ring Reduce losses  Better performance  Higher beam intensities to target

14. 14Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Basic elements of the feedback system Pickup (BPM Stripline) + Cable Signal Processing (LLRF, Timing, Filtering) RF Power Amplification Kicker (BPM Stripline) + Cable Beam Pickup Signal Processing Kicker Power Amplification Timing delay is crucial to maximize the damping… so that the 0.2 “Tune” produces a 90 degree phase advance between pickup and kicker

15. 15Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Ring damper system overview Z3 RF Switch COMB Stub LPF Var. AttenSLP-300 Delay PA Pick Up Electrode Kicker Electrode Beam Consists of 2 independent systems Vertical (Up and Down) Horizontal (Left and Right)

16. 16Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Damper System Amplifier set Vertical Comb Filter Fiber Optic Delays Power Combiners Horizontal LLRF Vertical LLRF Horizontal Comb Filter

17. 17Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Experimental Damping Results Damping OFF Damping ON (0 dB Atten.)

18. 18Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Damper has reduced the instability Damping OFF Damping ON (0 dB Atten.)

19. 19Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Growth rate of the active frequencies is reduced by ~ 60% Growth Rate (No Damping) ~ 20 turns Growth Rate (With Damping) ~ 35 turns

20. 20Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Damper system is effective… Continuously looking to improve the system – Maximizing the bandwidth (via equalizer) – Minimizing magnitude and phase dispersion in LLRF system – Maximizing signal output to Power Amplifiers Utilize the damper system to supplement the physics group observations of the beam dynamics – Have been actively monitoring the beam during production and observed some unique dynamics (not discussed today). Recently observed the beam may have an additional tune present, which limits the damping ability in the current configuration. – Employed the damper system in Beam Transfer Function measurements to observe the beam response to external excitation. (Next)

21. 21Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Introduction to Beam Transfer Function Measurements Z3 RF Switch COMB Stub LPF Var. AttenSLP-300 Delay PA Pick Up Electrode Kicker Electrode Z3 RF Switch COMB Stub LPF Var. AttenSLP-300 Delay NWA PA Pick Up Electrode Kicker Electrode Network Analyzer is used to excite the beam at a given frequency and observe the magnitude and phase of the response.

22. 22Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Z3 RF Switch COMB Stub LPF Var. AttenSLP-300 Delay NWA PA Pick Up Electrode Kicker Electrode Turns 0 to 136 beam NWA excitation Turn Window is determined by the Network Analyzer IFBW

23. 23Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 1044389 Hz width (Ring Frequency) 1601 Frequency Point Steps  1601 Macro Pulses ~ 30 sec @ 60 Hz for this measurement Z3 RF Switch COMB Stub LPF Var. AttenSLP-300 Delay NWA PA Pick Up Electrode Kicker Electrode

24. 24Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Note: Only every 10 th mode is shown here Typically others only make 1 or 2 of these measurements…

25. 25Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 N*RF(N+1)*RF(N+2)*RF(N+6)*RF Mode = (N+3)*RF (N+4)*RF (N+5)*RF Make measurements into a more compact form. 1044389 Hz width (Ring Frequency)

26. 26Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Upper Side Band (USB) Lower Side Band (LSB) Betatron sidebands reveal the tune.

27. 27Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Turns 0 to 136

28. 28Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 BTF Ring Tune Determination Fitting algorithm to determine the tune… Separate measurement gives the vertical tune ~ 0.1799 USB.. Pretty much a straight line… LSB on the other hand.. Currently no explanation

29. 29Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Determine the FWHM, assuming Gaussian function (NOT A FIT.. Just -6 dB points below peak)  Convert to RMS Additional information can be extracted from the BTF response measurements

30. 30Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 XX -7.9-5.33-2.660 YY -6.9-4.66-2.330 *Coasting BTF theory defines the sideband frequency widths to be: ∂f (+/-) = RMS Frequency width f 0 = Ring Frequency dp/p = Momentum spread (DETERMINED FROM ZERO CHROMATICITY CASE) m = Mode (VARIES) Q f = Fractional Tune (VARIES)  = Chromaticity (VARIES)  = Slip Factor (-.2173) Vary the Chromaticity to determine capability of BTF measurement as a diagnostic *Kornilov, et al., GSI-Acc-Note-2006-12-001 Zero Chromaticity

31. 31Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Frequency Width [Tune]

32. 32Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Frequency Width [Tune]

33. 33Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Chromaticity Measurement Results 33  SettingFit  (Avg) % Difference Tom Pelaia   X = -7.9 -7.327.6-6.75  X = -5.33 -5.173.0  X = -2.66 -2.836.0  X = 0 -.45---  Y = -6.9 -6.84.87-5.89  Y = -4.66 -4.711.2  Y = -2.33 -2.465.6  Y = 0 -.14--- Tom’s Chromaticity measurements use the single mini-pulse injection into the ring method. (No RF Cavities on)

34. 34Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Currently we are unsure about the source of this effect. It could be due to the reduced signal acquisition time (7 kHz IFBW) which gives us the ability to only look at ~136 us of accumulation. If we were to reduce the IFBW, the expectation is that the minimal measurement resolution would improve, but at the cost of having to look at a longer portion of accumulation. (Under investigation)

35. 35Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 One additional measurement… Typical Production (  = -6.9) Zero Chromaticity By changing the chromaticity to 0 (minimizing the tune spread) with the quadruples, the LSB response is essentially equal to that of the USB. This is due to reducing the Landau damping that naturally occurs with the natural chromaticity for the LSB.

36. 36Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Measurement of the Ring Tune and Chromaticity are successful (during early accumulation) So far the data presented has focused on the very beginning of accumulation (Turns 1-136). What happens when we shift our observation time to later in the accumulation cycle?

37. 37Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Turns 100 to 236

38. 38Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Turns 200 to 336 USB Splitting Begins

39. 39Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Turns 300 to 436 LSB Splitting Begins

40. 40Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Turns 400 to 536

41. 41Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Turns 500 to 636

42. 42Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Turns 600 to 736 Note: 720 Turns of Accumulation

43. 43Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 What happens when we shift our observation time to later in the accumulation cycle? During accumulation the beam dynamics become very complex. To determine if the beam intensity was the root cause, experiments were performed by varying the number of pulses accumulated. If the intensity is the primary cause it could lead to additional problems as SNS continues to increase toward the design goal as well as interfere with the ability to damp instabilities.

44. 44Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Variation in beam intensity accounts for majority of BTF splitting. Comparing the Zero Chromaticity Intensity Variation 100% Int 17% Int Turns 500 to 636 Turns 0 to 136

45. 45Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Summary and Conclusions Feedback damper system is effective. – Continually trying to improve its effectiveness. Beam Transfer Function measurements are a useful tool for monitoring beam dynamics and parameters. – Can be used as an additional physics diagnostic system to measure the tune and chromaticity. (Verified) – Illuminates unique dynamics that have not been observed before (to our knowledge).

46. 46Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Once Again… Many Thanks Go To: Craig Deibele, Sasha Aleksandrov, Slava Danilov, Andy Webster, Jeff Bryan, Jim Diamond, George Link, Syd Murray III You … For giving me the opportunity to be here today! Without them, none of this work would be possible!

47. 47Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Download Completed… Begin The Questions.

48. 48Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Vertical Production (~815 kW to target) Damping On Damping Off

49. 49Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Horizontal Production (~815 kW to target) Damping On Damping Off

50. 50Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 3.31E-04 = (dp/p)*   dp/p = 1.52e-3

51. 51Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 Ring damper system overview (2) Z3 RF Switch COMB Stub LPF Var. AttenSLP-300 Delay PA 180 Degree Hybrid Low Pass Filter with a notch @ 402.5 MHz High Impedance pick-off RF Switch to pass/block signals Fiber Optic Delay ~300ns Comb Filter to block ring frequency and harmonics Low Pass Filter Attenuators to vary system gain 180 Degree Hybrid Power Amplifiers

52. 52Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 11/10/2011 BTFs can also be used to measure the Chromaticity (tune spread) and dp/p (momentum spread) via the frequency spread about the response peaks.