1. Chapter 2: Majoritarian or Pluralist Democracy?
Daily Dilemma #4: Which is better, a government that is highly responsive to public opinion on all matters or one that responds to organized groups that argue their case effectively?

2. Introduction
Should Congress agree with the President since he won a majority of the vote?

3. I. The Theory of Democratic Government
Demos – People
Kratos – Power

4. The Procedural View of Democracy
Who should participate in decision making?
How much should each participant’s vote count?
How many votes are needed to reach a decision?

5. The Procedural View of Democracy
Universal Participation
Political Equality
Majority Rule

6. Direct vs. Indirect Democracy
Participatory democracy– all members of the group, rather than representatives, meet to make decisions, observing political equality and majority rule
Direct democracy only works well for small societies
Some city council’s, including St Paul, have something close to participatory democracy and rank-and-file citizens make decisions together

7. E-government
Online communication channels that enable citizens to easily obtain information from government and facilitate the expression of opinions to government officials

8. Direct vs. Indirect Democracy
Representative, or indirect, democracy was instituted by the framers of the constitution
4 principles of representative democracy under direct democracy
Universal Participation
Political Equality
Majority Vote
Responsiveness– Representatives should do what the majority of people wants

9. Discuss with those around you…
The origins of democratic theory lie in ancient Greek political thought, and were predicated on the notion that citizens should vote on every issue. Considering modern technology, whereby it would be possible to accommodate large numbers of citizens voting on seemingly every issue with great frequency, should the United States go back to this sort of system? What would be the costs and benefits?

10. The Substantive View
Focuses on substance of policies, not procedures, to prove a government is democratic.
The core of our substantive policies are embedded in the Bill of Rights and other constitutional amendments.
There is debate among substantive theorists about the need for promoting social and economic rights to be considered a democracy.

11. Procedural Democracy vs. Substantive Democracy
Both views have problems. The procedural view can limit minority rights and the substantive view does not provide clear criteria to define whether a government is democratic
Procedural democracy can prey on minority views (because of the emphasis on majority decision making)

12. Daily Dilemma #5
Should U.S. foreign policy promote democracy in other countries? What are the issues involved?

13. II. Institutional Models of Democracy
Democratic government is not guaranteed through democratic elections. Governments must have a way to determine what people want and must have a way to translate public opinion into policy.

14. The Models of Democracy…
Majoritarian
Pluralist
Participation by the people in general
Participation by the people in groups

15. The Majoritarian Model of Democracy
Government by the people = government by the majority of the people
Citizens can control the government as long as they have enough mechanisms for participation
Popular election of government officials is the primary mechanism for democratic government
Referenda, initiatives and recalls can be used to decide government policies

16. Majoritarian Model (continued)
Assumes citizens are knowledgeable enough to participate, that they want to participate and that they’ll make rational decisions in elections
Critics say that Americans are not knowledgeable enough for the majoritarian model to work

17. An Alternative: Pluralist Democracy
Developed in the 1950’s to account for the limited knowledge of the real electorate, not the ideal electorate
“Government by the people” = people operating through various interest groups
Interest group: an organized group of individuals that seeks to influence public policy, also called a lobby
Pluralist democracy operates based on interest groups and a decentralized structure of government that provides access to public officials and is open to hearing from interest groups

18. Pluralist Model (con’t)
The pluralist model believes that the perfect system is one where all interest groups can organize and be heard
Authority must be divided in this model instead of having a single sovereign power
In America, pluralism is working well based on representative democracy but the decreasing participation in civic life challenges the pluralist model

19. Majoritarian Model Pluralist Model
Relies on electoral mechanisms that harness the power of the majority to make decisions
Features responsiveness to majority opinion
Does not demand much knowledge from citizens in general
Seeks to limit majority action so interest groups can be heard
Allows minority interests to organize and present claims

20. Elite Theory
Argues that a few individuals wield power in America because they control key financial, communication, industrial and government institutions

21. Elite Theory (con’t)
According to elite theory, the U.S. is not a democracy, but an oligarchy

22. Elite Theory (con’t)
Most studies show there is not an identifiable ruling elite but elite theorists believe that power comes from keeping people from questioning capitalism

23. Elite Theory vs. Pluralist Theory
It’s possible that pluralist theory means that not all parts of the population are equally well-represented
Critics attack pluralist theory because it appears to justify great disparities in levels of political organization of resources among different groups of society

24. The Global Trend Towards Democracy
Democratization is a difficult process and many countries fail to complete the transition or succeed only in the short run
Ethic and religious conflict means that many rivals are more interested in creating governments that oppress their opponents than democracies
This makes majoritarian democracy especially dangerous
Political and economic instability that typically accompanies transition to democracy makes new democratic governments vulnerable to attacks

25. American Democracy: More Pluralist than Majoritarian
The U.S. democratic system rates low according to the majoritarian model but fulfills the pluralist model
“The flaw in the pluralist heaven is that the heavenly chorus sings with a strong upper-class accent”

26. Should government promote social equality to qualify as a democracy
Should government promote social equality to qualify as a democracy? Why or why not?
Social Equality- equality in wealth, education and status

27. Is it possible to achieve political equality without first having universal participation?

28. Big Questions
Is the pluralist model truly an adequate expression of democracy, or is it a perversion of classical ideals, designed to portray America as democratic when it is not?
Does the majoritarian model result in a “better” type of democracy?
If it does, could new mechanisms of government be devised to produce a desirable mix of majority rule and minority rights?