1. APPENDICULAR SKELETON CHAPTER 8 (9/30/08)

2. THE PECTORAL GIRDLE

3. Pectoral or Shoulder Girdle Consists of two bones, the anteriorly positioned clavicle and the posteriorly positioned scapula Pectoral girdle is a loosely attached, held in place largely by musculature attached to the thorax and the vertebral column Only direct ligament attachment exists at the sternoclavicular joint Frees girdle to move over the thorax as the need arises

4. Pectoral Girdle

5. Flexible and Mobile Pectoral girdle is very light to allow the upper limb flexibility and mobility not allowed anywhere else in body This is possible because only the sternal end of clavicle is attached to axial skeleton thus allowing the scapula to move across thorax and the arm with it The socket of the shoulder joint is shallow and poorly reinforced Although this arrangement does not restrict movement it is less stable

6. Clavicles Clavicles are double curved bones extending along the superior thorax Attached on the sternal end to sternum and the acromial to the scapula Attachment site or muscles of the thorax and shoulder Position scapula away from thorax

7. Right Scapula Anterior Aspect Bone markings are related to –Joint structures –Muscle attachments –Nerve and blood vessels

8. Right Scapula Posterior Aspect Bone markings are related to –Joint structures –Muscle attachments –Nerve and blood vessels

9. Right Scapula Lateral Aspect Schematic representation of its orientation

10. THE UPPER LIMB SECTION V

11. The Upper Limb Arm –Humerus Forearm –Ulna –Radius Hand Wrist (8 carpal bones) Palm (5 metacarpal bones) Fingers (14 phalanges)

13. The Humerus

14. Radius and Ulna Ulna is involved in elbow flexion Radius is involved with supination and pronation

15. Elbow Joint Olecranon process pivots around the Trochlea to allow for elbow flexion and extension

16. Elbow Joint Olecranon process and coronoid process grips the trochlea of the humerus

17. Elbow Joint Olecranon process of ulna fits into the olecranon fossa of humerus to limit extension

18. Wrist Joint Scaphoid and lunate bones articulate with the radius

19. Wrist Joint Palpation to locate the distal styloid processes of the radius and ulna

20. Colles’ Fracture An impact fracture caused by falling on an outstretched hand Note characteristic bending of tissue

21. Carpals, Metacarpals, & Phalanges

22. Carpal Bones The carpal bones appear in two irregular rows (proximal arch and distal row) Mnemonic; proximal row - lateral to medial Sally Left The Party To Take Carmen Home Scaphoid is the most frequently fractured carpal bone often resulting from falling on an outstretched hand

23. Carpals, Metacarpals, & Phalanges

24. THE PELVIC GIRDLE SECTION VI

26. The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle Attaches the lower limbs to axial skeleton Transfers the weight of the torso, head, and upper extremities to lower limbs Supports the visceral organs of the pelvis Secured by strong ligaments and deep sockets the joint is reinforced for stability Less range of motion in all planes of movement Female pelvic structure to facilitate childbearing

27. Pelvis

28. Pelvic girdle is formed by a pair of coxal bones, each called an os coxae Each os coxae unites anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and with the sacrum posteriorly Each coxa is formed by the ilium, ischium and pubic which were separate during childhood but fused in adulthood Collectively the os coxae, sacrum and coccyx is called the pelvis

29. Os Coxa Ilium –Superior Ishium –Posterior Pubis –Anterior

30. Os Coxa Ilium –Superior Ishium –Posterior Pubis –Anterior

31. Ischium Sacrospinous ligament anchors the coccyx to the sacrum Sacro- tuberous ligament runs from sacrum to each ishial tuberosity

32. False Pelvis The false pelvis lies superior to the pelvic brim The area is bounded by the alae of the iliac bones Actually part of the abdomen and contains abdominal organs

33. True Pelvis The true pelvis lies inferior to the pelvic brim It forms a deep bowl that contains the pelvic organs

34. Pelvic Structure and Childbearing The female pelvis reflects modifications for child bearing It tends to be wider, shallower, lighter, and rounder than the male Pelvic modifications accommodate the growing fetus as well as providing a birth canal wide enough to allow the infants head to exit at birth Pelvic inlet and outlet are critical to delivery

35. Male and Female Pelvic Structures

38. THE LOWER LIMB SECTION VII

39. The Lower Limb Thigh –Femur Leg –Tibia –Fibula Foot (7 Tarsal bones) Instep (5 Metatarsal bones) Toes (14 Phalanges)

44. Bones of Right Foot

45. Right Foot - Medial View

46. Right Foot - Lateral View

47. Arches of the Foot

48. DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECT OF THE SKELETON SECTION VIII

49. The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life Long Bone Ratio

50. The Fetal Skull