1. ABDOMEN & PELVIS PATHOLOGY & SCANNING PROTOCOLS

2. PATHOLOGIES

3. ABDOMINAL MESENTERIC CYST

4. ABDOMINAL CYST An abdominal CT scan revealed a large right upper quadrant cyst measuring 14x17x21 cm ( lateral, anteroposterior and craniocaudal)There was mass effect upon the liver and duodenum. The cyst had a thin smooth wall with internal fluid and high density material consistent with a blood clot.

5. RENAL CYST NO CONTRASTCONTRAST

6. POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE In PKD fluid-filled cysts develop giving the kidneys a honeycomb appearance. It is one of the most common inherited disorders, and the fourth commonest cause of kidney failure. In polycystic kidney disease many fluid- filled cysts develop in the kidneys. Gradually these cysts replace the normal kidney tissue enlarging the kidneys but making them less and less able to function normally. Eventually the kidneys fail completely

7. HEPATOMEGALY

8. ASCITES Ascites is the abnormal collection of fluid in the abdominal cavity, most often as a result of chronic liver disease.

9. SPLENOMEGALY

10. SPLENIC INFARCTION

11. APPENDICITS An axial slice of a CT scan done with the use of intravenous and oral contrast is presented. The arrow points to an area of soft tissue induration within the retrocecal fat. There is a rim like area of higher attenuation within this area. The structure is fluid filled. These features are compatible with a diagnosis of acute appendicitis and the presence of rupture cannot be excluded.

12. DIVERTICULITS Diverticulitis is inflammation or infection of small pouches, called diverticula, that develop along the walls of your intestines. The formation of the pouches themselves is a relatively benign condition known as diverticulosis. The pouches can develop anywhere on the digestive tract, but they most commonly form at the end of the descending and sigmoid colons, and they also frequently occur on the first section of the small intestine (although they rarely cause problems there ).

13. DIVERTICULITS

14. ABDOMINAL ABSCESS Psoas abscess (blue arrow), and abscess dissecting anteriorly in transversalis fascia.

15. BOWEL OBSTRUCTION

16. LIVER METS Lung cancer, small cell. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen. Axial section through the liver shows multiple hypoattenuating areas in the liver. Poorly defined margins, attenuation greater than that of water, and scattered distribution in a patient with known lung cancer is most consistent with metastatic disease.

17. ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

18. WILMS TUMOR Wilms tumor, also called nephroblastoma, is a cancer that originates in the kidney. The disease gets its name from a German doctor, Max Wilms, who wrote one of the first medical articles about it in 1899. Ninety percent of all kidney cancers in children are Wilms tumor. The remaining ten percent are rare forms of childhood kidney cancers: clear cell sarcoma of the kidney, malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney, and occasionally renal cell carcinoma

19. WILMS TUMOR

20. ADRENAL METS

21. RENAL STONE

22. HYDRONEPHROSIS

23. BLADDER CANCER

24. KIDNEY CANCER Kidney cancer affects some 30,000 people in the United States each year, and close to 12,000 die from the disease. It is the eighth most common cancer in men and the tenth most common in women. Smoking is the major risk factor,

25. HORSESHOE KIDNEYS

26. PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal gland that causes excess release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones that regulate heart rate and blood pressure

27. CIRRHOSIS

28. HEMANGIOMA

29. A cavernous hepatic hemangioma is the most common non-cancerous tumor of the liver. It is believed to be a congenital defect, and is usually not discovered until medical pictures are taken of the liver for some other reason.

30. CHOLELITHIASIS

31. CHOLECYSTITIS

32. PANCREATIC CANCER

33. PANCREATITIS

34. ABDOMINAL ANEURYSM

35. PROTOCOLS

36. SPONGE FEET FIRST OR HEAD FIRST

37. SCOUT: AP LANDMARK: XIPHOID TIP SCAN MODE: Spiral I.V. CONTRAST: 1.5-2 ml/sec, 100-150 ML SCAN DELAY: 75-80 sec ORAL CONTRAST: 400 ml 45 MINUTES BEFORE SCAN, 200 ML JUST BEFORE SCAN BREATH HOLD: SUSPENDED EXPIRATION SLICE THICKNESS: 8-10 MM START LOCATION: LUNG BASES END LOCATION: ILIAC CREST FILMING: STANDARD, LUNGS, LIVER + BONE FOR TRAUMA & CANCER ABDOMEN STANDARD ROUTINE

38. SCOUT: AP LANDMARK: XIPHOID TIP SCAN MODE: Spiral NO ORAL CONTRAST NO IV CONTRAST BREATH HOLD: SUSPENDED EXPIRATION SLICE THICKNESS: 5MM START LOCATION: ABOVE KIDNEYS END LOCATION: S. PUBIS FILMING: STANDARD ABDOMEN-KIDNEY STONE

39. SCOUT: AP LANDMARK: XIPHOID TIP SCAN MODE: SPIRAL I.V. CONTRAST: 4-5 ml/sec, 100-150 ML SCAN DELAY: 1. NON-CONTRAST, 2. ARTERIAL 30 SEC. 3. PORTAL 70 SEC. ORAL CONTRAST: 400 ml 45 MINUTES BEFORE SCAN, 200 ML JUST BEFORE SCAN BREATH HOLD: SUSPENDED EXPIRATION SLICE THICKNESS: 4-5 MM START LOCATION: LUNG BASES END LOCATION: ILIAC CREST FILMING: STANDARD + LIVER ABDOMEN LIVER MASS-3 PHASE

40. NON-CONTRASTARTERIAL PORTAL

41. LIVER SINGLE PHASE SCOUT: AP LANDMARK: XIPHOID TIP SCAN MODE: Spiral I.V. CONTRAST: 1.5-2 ml/sec, 100-150 ML SCAN DELAY: 45 SEC ORAL CONTRAST: 400 ml 45 MINUTES BEFORE SCAN, 200 ML JUST BEFORE SCAN BREATH HOLD: SUSPENDED EXPIRATION SLICE THICKNESS: 8-10 MM START LOCATION: LUNG BASES END LOCATION: ILIAC CREST FILMING: STANDARD + LIVER + BONE FOR TRAUMA & CANCER

42. SCOUT: AP LANDMARK: XIPHOID TIP SCANNING MODE: SPIRAL I.V. CONTRAST: 2-4 ml/sec, 100-150 ML SCAN DELAY: 30-35 sec ORAL CONTRAST: 400 ml 45 MINUTES BEFORE SCAN, 200 ml 15 MINUTES BEFORE SCAN BREATH HOLD: SUSPENDED EXPIRATION SLICE THICKNESS: 3-5 MM THROUGH PANCREAS START LOCATION: LUNG BASES END LOCATION: ILIAC CREST FILMING: STANDARD + LIVER + BONE FOR TRAUMA & CANCER ABDOMEN- PANCREAS

43. BETTER VISUALIZATION OF PANCREAS- R. LAT. DECUB.

44. SCOUT: AP LANDMARK: XIPHOID TIP SCANNING MODE: SPIRAL I.V. CONTRAST: 2-4 ml/sec SCAN DELAY:1. NONCONTRAST: 2. ARTERIAL 30 SEC. 3. NEPHROGRAM 90 SEC.: 4. PYELOGRAM 3-5 MIN. ORAL CONTRAST: 400 ml 45 MINUTES BEFORE SCAN, 200 ml JUST BEFORE SCAN BREATH HOLD: SUSPENDED EXPIRATION SLICE THICKNESS: 8-10 MM, 5 MM THROUGH KIDNEYS START LOCATION: LUNG BASES END LOCATION: ILIAC CREST FILMING: STANDARD ABDOMEN- KIDNEYS

45. CTA OF THE ABDOMEN SCOUT: AP LANDMARK: XIPHOID TIP SCAN MODE: Spiral I.V. CONTRAST: 4-5 ml/sec, 100-150 ML SCAN DELAY: 25 sec BREATH HOLD: SUSPENDED EXPIRATION SLICE THICKNESS: 3 MM START LOCATION: ABOVE AORTIC ARCH END LOCATION: BELOW ILIAC CREST FILMING: STANDARD + 3D + MPR

46. ABDOMEN + PELVIS APPENDICITIS OR DIVERTICULITIS SCOUT: AP LANDMARK: XIPHOID TIP SCAN MODE: Spiral I.V. CONTRAST: 1.5-2 ml/sec, 100-150 ML SCAN DELAY: 75-80 sec ORAL CONTRAST: 400 ml 45 MINUTES BEFORE SCAN, 200 ML JUST BEFORE SCAN BREATH HOLD: SUSPENDED EXPIRATION SLICE THICKNESS: 8-10 MM UPPER + 5 MM LOWER START LOCATION: LUNG BASES END LOCATION: S. PUBIS FILMING: STANDARD 8 MM SCOUT: AP LANDMARK: XIPHOID TIP SCAN MODE: Spiral I.V. CONTRAST: 1.5-2 ml/sec, 100-150 ML SCAN DELAY: 75-80 sec ORAL CONTRAST: 500 cc 60-120 MINUTES BEFORE SCAN, 200 ML JUST BEFORE SCAN BREATH HOLD: SUSPENDED EXPIRATION SLICE THICKNESS: 8 MM + 3-5MM LOWER START LOCATION: LUNG BASES END LOCATION: S.PUBIS FILMING: STANDARD 5 MM

47. CTA ABDOMEN

48. CT COLONOSCOPY 2 SCANS- PRONE + SUPINE

49. SCOUT: AP LANDMARK: ILIAC CREST SLICE PLANE: AXIAL OR SPIRAL I.V. CONTRAST: 1.5-2 ml/sec, 100-120 ml SCAN DELAY: 120-180 sec (FULL BLADDER) ORAL CONTRAST: 300-500 ml 1-2 HOURS BEFORE SCAN 500 cc NIGHT BEFORE BREATH HOLD: SUSPENDED EXPIRATION SLICE THICKNESS: 8-10 MM, 3-5 MM IF AP OR DIVERTICULITIS START LOCATION: ILIAC CREST END LOCATION: SYMPHYSIS PUBIS FILMING: STANDARD PELVIS

50. DETECTION OF PROSTATE GLAND AND SEMINAL VESICLES ABNORMALITIES BLADDER OPACIFIED + RECTOSIGMOID COLON AND RECTUM OPACIFIED

52. VISUALIZATION OF VAGINAL CANAL + CERVIX AND UTERUS TAMPON INSERTED IN THE VAGINA DURING CT SCAN OF THE PELVIS