1. Respiratory Anatomy

2. Anatomical Planes Superior Coronal Sagittal Transverse Inferior
Lateral
Posterior
Anterior
Inferior

3. Anatomical Planes Superior Transverse Coronal Sagittal Lateral Medial
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior

4. Respiratory System
Respiration: exchange of gas between an organism & its environment.
Inspiration: Inhalation; drawing air into the lungs
Expiration: The expulsion of air from the lungs
Alveoli: Minute air sacs within the lung tissue

5. Airway
Nasal Cavity
Oral Cavity
Larynx
Lungs
Diaphragm

6. Respiratory System Which is true of the lung when stretched out?
Size of your fist.
Size of a tennis court
Size of a kitchen table
Does blood circulate in the lung?
Why or Why not?
How does the rate of ventilation change with-
Exercising?
Quiet breathing?
Speech?

7. Respiratory System What does the respiratory system do?
sustain life
speech secondary
source of all pressures and flows
What is included in the respiratory system used for speech?
Rib cage
Diaphragm
Abdomen
Contents of RC & AB

8. Support of Respiration
Appendicular
Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
-Upper &
Lower Extremities
-Trunk & head

9. Anterior Skeleton

10. Support of Respiration
Bony Thorax
Vertebrae & Vertebral Column
Pectoral Girdle
Ribs & Attachments to Vertebral Column
scapula & clavicle
Sternum
Pelvic Girdle
ischium
pubic bone
sacrum
ilium

11. Vertebral Column C1-C7 Cervical Vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae T1-T12
L1-L5
Lumbar
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx

12. Vertebral Column 33 segments of bone Many fossa & protuberances
Form depending on location, attachments & pathway

13. Vertebral Column
Lateral
Anterior
Posterior

14. Pelvic Girdle Illiac Crest Ilium Sacrum Pubic Pubic Bone Symphysis
1. Part of pelvic girdle
2. Anatomical Landmarks near pelvic girdle
Illiac Crest
Ilium
Sacrum
Pubic
Bone
Pubic
Symphysis
Ischium
Coccyx

15. Pelvic Girdle Vertebral column attaches Lower extremity attachment
Provides distribution of force
Made up of: ilium, sacrum, pubic bone, ischium
ilium-large, wing-like
sacrum- five fused vertebrae

16. Pectoral Girdle Clavicle Sternum Scapula * Pectoral girdle includes
only the scapula & clavicle

17. Pectoral Girdle Shoulder girdle- Support upper extremities
clavicle (collarbone): superior sternum to scapula
scapula: wing-like; attachment only at clavicle
Equal distribution of force
A-Frame support

18. Ribs & Ribcage True Ribs (1-7) False Ribs (8,9,10) Thorax Sternum
Costal
Cartilage
Floating Ribs (11,12)

19. Ribs & Rib Cage Thorax: 12 pair of ribs Rib Components: Rib Cage:
Head (articulating surface)
Neck
Angle (curve)
Shaft (largest; anterior)
Rib Cage:
provides attachments (muscles)
muscles provide: Strength, rigidity, continuity, & mobility

20. Ribs Three general classes: Characteristics:
True ribs- upper ribs (1-7), attach to sternum, cartilaginous attachment
False ribs- (8,9,10), attach to sternum via cartilage running superior
Floating ribs- (11,12), articulate with vertebral column only.
Characteristics:
cartilage (chondral) attachment can be torqued
strength and movement

21. Thoracic Expansion
Anteroposterior
Vertical
Transverse

22. Thoracic Expansion Lungs must first be inflated
creates a partial vacuum
chest wall expands (3 dimensions):
vertical expansion: lowering the diaphragm
lateral & anteroposterior expansion: raising the rib cage

23. Lateral/ Anteroposterior Thoracic Expansion

24. Diaphragm
Aponeurosis
Muscle
Expanded
Relaxed

25. Diaphragm Flat sheet of muscle and tendon (aponeurosis)
Shaped like an inverted bowl
Rim muscles contract flattening the dome on each side (vertical expansion)
Pulls up on the lower ribs moving them outward
Movement increases thoracic volume during inspiration

26. Diaphragm/ Abdominal Movement
Wall
Pelvis
Pelvis
Inhalation
Exhalation

27. Diaphragm/Abdominal Movmt.
To build exhalatory pressure the lungs are squeezed by lowering the rib cage and pushing the diaphragm upward with abdominal force.
Overview to understand how respiratory pressure for speech is controlled:
We now have to understand how the RC is raised and lowered and how the diaphragm is pulled down and pushed up and how the lungs inflate & deflate.

28. Respiratory System: Components
Chest Wall
Rib Cage
Mediastinum
Diaphragm
Abdominal
Wall
Viscera
Pulmonary System
Alveolar
Air Sacs
Right
Bronchus
Left
Bronchus
Trachea

29. Chest Wall/ Pulmonary System
Respiratory pump consists of the chest wall & within it the pulmonary system.
Chest wall: rib cage, diaphragm, abdominal wall, abdominal viscera, muscles of chest wall and abdomen.
Pulmonary system: lungs (3 right, 2 left), network of tubes (conducting airways) leading from trachea to alveolar air sacs (like upside down trees),

30. Relative Sizes of: C. Lungs Without B. Rib Cage with A. Rib Cage
Rib cage Attached
A. Rib Cage
Without Lungs
attached
B. Rib Cage with
Lungs Attached
Partial Vacuum

31. Pulmonary System Trachea: Flexible tube
11 cm in length, hyaline cartilage rings
Rings are 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter (smooth muscle)
Divides at Carina Trachea & becomes mainstream bronchi (bronchial tubes)
Serve right and left lung

32. Pulmonary System (cont.)
Bronchi:
Divisions: main stem , secondary (lobar), tertiary (segmental)
28 generations of bronchial tree (first 9-”Dead Space”)
trachea-mainstream bronchi-lobar bronchi-branchings to terminal respiratory bronchioles
1 (trachea), 2 (mainstem bronchi), 5 (lobar); 19 (segmental); 38 (subsegmental)...
Final 7 divisions: respiratory zones- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts & alveoli

33. Bronchi Structure
Trachea
Mainstem
Bronchi
Carina
Alveoli

34. Pulmonary System (cont.)
Alveoli:
End of terminal bronchiole
small-1/4 mm in diameter (5 alveoli in 1 mm)
300 million in adult lung
lined with single layer of epithelial cells
each covered with over 2,000 capillaries (6 trillion in all)
Lining= Type 1 cells (pneumocytes); Type 2 (Cuboidal)

35. Alveoli/ Capillary Bed
To Heart
Alveoli
From Heart
Terminal
Bronchiole
Capillary
Bed
Alveolar
Duct
Alveolus

36. Readings
Seikel: Ch. 3 (pgs )
Dickson: Ch. 3 (pgs )