1. THE BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

2. the appendicular skeleton = 126 bones of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

3. SKELETAL ORGANIZATION
pectoral girdle = scapula + clavicles
upper limbs = humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
pelvic girdle = 2 os coxae or coxal bones
lower limbs = femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

4. THE PECTORAL GIRDLE 2 clavicles + 2 scapula
supports the upper limbs, provides a place for muscle attachment
arrangement of bones
is good for mobility,
but bad for stability

5. THE PECTORAL GIRDLE clavicles = “collarbones” “S” shape
not very strong; easily fractured

6. THE PECTORAL GIRDLE scapulae = “spade” shoulder blades
broad, triangular bones

7. THE PECTORAL GIRDLE
glenoid cavity = a depression where the head of the humerus fits

8. THE UPPER LIMBS humerus: location = upper arm
extends from the scapula to the elbow
head fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula

9. THE UPPER LIMBS radius: location = forearm
on the thumb side between the elbow & wrist

10. THE UPPER LIMBS ulna = forearm
longer than the radius, overlaps the humerus

11. THE UPPER LIMBS
carpals = wrist
8 bones – 2 rows of four short bones

12. THE UPPER LIMBS 5 metacarpals = palm distal ends form the knuckles
numbered 1-5 starting with the thumb

13. THE UPPER LIMBS 14 phalanges = fingers / digits
3 in each finger (proximal, middle, distal), 2 in the thumb / pollex (proximal, distal)

14. THE PELVIC GIRDLE
made of 2 os coxae or coxal bones which articulate with each other & the sacrum

15. THE PELVIC GIRDLE
functions include support for the trunk, attachments for the lower limbs, protection for the bladder, large intestine, & reproductive organs
has a cup-shaped acetabulum which receives the head of the femur

16. THE PELVIC GIRDLE each coxal bone has 3 parts:
ilium: the largest portion, upper prominence called the iliac crest
ischium: the lowest portion, you sit on the ischial tuberosities
pubis: the anterior portion, fuses at the pubic symphysis

17. THE PELVIC GIRDLE
the obturator foramen is a large opening where nerves & blood vessels pass from the spinal cord to the lower limbs

18. THE LOWER LIMBS

19. THE LOWER LIMBS femur = “thigh bone”
longest, strongest bone in the body
extends from the hip to the knee
head of femur fits into the acetabulum of the coxae

20. articulates with the femur
Patella = kneecap, a sesamoid bone
articulates with the femur

21. THE LOWER LIMBS tibia = larger bone of the lower leg, “shin”
on the medial side of the leg

22. THE LOWER LIMBS fibula = smaller bone of the lower leg
on the lateral lower leg
bears no weight

23. THE LOWER LIMBS tarsals = ankle 7 tarsal bones
the talus is the only free moving bone of the ankle
the calcaneus / heel is the largest tarsal bone

24. THE LOWER LIMBS metatarsals = soles / arch
numbered 1-5 starting with the big toe
longitudinal arch + transverse arch
when arches weaken you may get flat feet

25. THE LOWER LIMBS phalanges = toes
14 total, 3 in each except the big toe

26. JOINTS 230 in the body = functional junctions between bones
bind parts of the skeletal system
make bone growth possible
allow the skeleton to change shape during birth
enable movement

27. JOINTS
classified according to their degree of movement = functional classification
immovable
slightly movable
freely movable

28. JOINTS
also classified according to the type of tissue binding bone = structural classification
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

29. FIBROUS JOINTS:
bones are tightly joined by a layer of dense connective tissue
allow little or no movement
ex. sutures of the skull, tibia-fibula

30. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS:
bones are connected by fibrocartilage
allow limited movement
ex. intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, 1st rib to sternum

31. SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
bones are covered with articular cartilage & held together by a fibrous joint capsule (outer layer of ligaments + inner layer of synovial membrane)

32. SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
some have menisci (shock-absorbing pads), some have bursae (fluid-filled sacs located between the skin & bony prominences such as knees & elbows)

33. SYNOVIAL JOINTS: types of synovial joints: gliding hinge Pivot
ellipsoidal
saddle
ball-and-socket

34. TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENTS:
flexion / extension
abduction / adduction
Circumduction
hyperextension Refer to handouts!
retraction / protraction
elevation / depression
Rotation
pronation / supination
opposition
dorsiflexion / plantar flexion
eversion / inversion