1. Appendicular Skeleton
The Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton

2. Appendicular Skeleton
Allows us to move and manipulate objects
Includes all bones besides axial skeleton:
the limbs
the supportive girdles

3. Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle

4. Pectoral Girdle Also called the shoulder girdle
Connects the arms to the body
Positions the shoulders
Provides a base for arm movement
Consists of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the clavicle (collarbone)

5. Pectoral Girdle Scapula (shoulder blade) Features to know
Scapular spine
Acromion process
Corocoid process
Glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa)
Borders – superior, medial, lateral
Corners – superior angle, inferior angle, lateral angle

6. Pectoral Girdle Clavicle S-shaped bones
Run from the manubrium to the acromion on the scapula

7. Appendicular Skeleton
Upper Limb

8. Upper Limb Consists of arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone, the humerus

9. Upper Limb Humerus Also called the arm The long, upper armbone
Articulates with the pelvic girdle and forearm

10. Upper Limb Humerus Features Head – articulates with glenoid fossa
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Trochlea – articulates with ulna
Capitulum – articulates with radius
Olecranon fossa

11. Upper Limb Forearm Consists of 2 long bones: ulna (medial)
Olecranon process
radius (lateral)

12. Upper Limb Wrist 8 carpal bones:
4 proximal carpal bones (starting Laterally)
Scaphoid bone
Lunate bone
Triquetrum
Pisiform bone
4 distal carpal bones (starting Laterally)
Trapezium:
Trapezoid bone:
Capitate bone:
Hamate bone:

13. Upper Limb Hand (Metacarpals) Fingers/Thumb 5 long bones of the hand
Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial
Fingers/Thumb
Pollex (thumb):
2 phalanges (proximal, distal)
Fingers:
3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)

14. Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic Girdle

15. Pelvic Girdle Os Coxae Made up of 3 fused bones:
ilium (articulates with sacrum)
ischium
pubis

16. Pelvic Girdle Differences Also called the hip socket
Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
Is on the lateral surface of the os coxae
Articulates with head of the femur (lunate surface)

17. Pelvic Girdle Ilium Ischium Pubis Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
Ischium
Ischial tuberocity
Pubis
Pubic symphysis

18. Pelvic Girdle Differences between male and female pelvic girdles.
Female pelvis:
smoother
lighter
less prominent muscle and ligament attachments
Modifications for Childbearing
Enlarged pelvic outlet
Broad pubic angle (> 100°)
Less curvature of sacrum and coccyx
Wide, circular pelvic inlet
Broad, low pelvis
Ilia project laterally, not upwards

19. Appendicular Skeleton
Lower Limb

20. Lower Limb Consists of: Femur (thigh) Patella (kneecap)
Tibia and fibula (leg)
Tarsals (ankle)
Metatarsals (foot)
Phalanges (toes)

21. Lower Limb Femur Largest, heaviest bone Features
Head – articulates with acetabulum
Neck
Greater trochanter
Medial and lateral epicondyles:
above the knee joint
Medial and lateral condyles:
form part of knee joint

22. Lower Limb Patella (knee cap) A sesamoid bone
Formed within tendon of quadriceps muscles

23. Lower Limb Tibia (shin bone) Medial bone in lower leg
Supports body weight
Features
Medial and Lateral Condyles
Tibial tuberosity
Medial Malleolus – medial “ankle bone”

24. Lower Limb Fibula Lateral bone in lower leg
Does not support body weight
Features
Head
Lateral Malleolus – lateral “ankle bone”

25. Lower Limb Ankle (Tarsus) Consists of 7 tarsal bones Talus
Calcaneus (heel bone)
Cuboid bone
Navicular bone
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform

26. Lower Limb Feet (Metatarsals) Toes (phalanges) 5 long bones of foot
Numbered I–V, medial to lateral
Toes (phalanges)
Hallux:
big toe, 2 phalanges (distal, proximal)
Other 4 toes:
3 phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)

27. Lower Limb
Feet Arches
Arches transfer weight from 1 part of the foot to another
Longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
Pes planus – flat arches
Pes cavus – high arches