1. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Condition
Requiring
Closer Attention
Prof. Aruna Batra
Obstetrics & Gynecology
VMMC & SJH, N. Delhi

2. PID: A Neglected Issue • Low disease awareness
• Sub-optimal management
• 50% named correct antibiotic regimen
• < 25% examined the sexual partners
A National Audit of PID Diagnosis & Management in GP: England and Wales Int. J STD AIDS 2000 Jul;11(7):440-4

3. Objectives • What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?
• Why is it important to treat timely?
• Causative factors and transmission?
• How does the patient present?
• Treatment Plan?
- Drug therapies
- Surgical procedures
- Follow up

4. What is PID ? • Acute/ Chronic clinical syndrome
• Inflammation of pelvic structures
• Ascending spread of infection from the vagina and endocervix to the endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, &/ or adjoining structures
• Upper genital tract infection, salpingitis endometritis, parametritis, tubo-ovarian abscess & pelvic peritonitis

5. Transmission • Sexual transmission • Gynecological
via the vagina & cervix
• Gynecological
surgical procedures
• Child birth/ Abortion
• A foreign body inside uterus (IUCD)

6. Transmission • Contamination from • Blood-borne transmission
other inflamed structures
in abdominal cavity
(appendix, gallbladder)
• Blood-borne transmission
(pelvic TB)

7. Pathogenesis

8. Infective Organisms • Sexually transmitted - Chlamydia trachomatis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Endogenous Aerobic - Streptococci
Haemophilus
E. coli
• Anaerobes - Bacteroides, Peptostrptococcus
- Bacterial Vaginosis
- Actinomyces israelii
• Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis & bovis

9. Predisposing Factors • Frequent sexual encounters, many partners
• Young age, early age at first intercourse
• Exposure immediately prior to menstruation.
• Relative ill-health & poor nutritional status.
• Previously infected tissues (STD/ PID)
• Frequent vaginal douching

10. Why is it Important to Treat PID ?
• Systemic upset / Tubo-ovarian abscess
• Chronic Pain (15-20 %)→ Hysterectomy
● Ectopic pregnancy (6-10 fold)
● Infertility (Tubal): 20% ~ 2 episodes % ~ 3 episodes
● Recurrence (25%)
● Male genital disease (25%)
● Cancer Cervix/ Ovarian Cancer ?

11. Presentation: Acute PID
• Severe pain & tenderness lower abdomen
• Fever, Malaise, vomiting, tachycardia
• Offensive vaginal discharge
• Irregular vaginal bleeding
• B/L adnexal tenderness
• cervical excitation
• Tubo-ovarian mass
• Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
Poor sensitivity & specificity
Correct diagnosis : 45 – 70%

12. Presentation: Chronic PID
• Chronic lower abdominal pain, Backache
• General malaise & fatigue
• Deep dyspareunia, Dysmennorhea
• Intermittent offensive vaginal discharge
• Irregular menstrual periods
• Lower abdominal/ pelvic tenderness
• Bulky, tender uterus
Infertility ( “Silent epidemic” )

13. PID: Differential Diagnosis
Ectopic Pregnancy
Torsion/ Rupture adnexal mass
Appendicitis
Endometriosis
Cystitis/ pyelonephritis

14. Laboratory Studies • Pregnancy test • Complete blood count, ESR, CRP
• Urinalysis
• Gonorrhea, Chlamydia detection (Gram stain/ Cultures / ELISA/ FA/ DNA )
• Tests for TB, syphilis, HIV
• Pelvic Ultrasound
• Culdocentesis
• Laparoscopy

15. Endometritis (thickened heterogenous endometrium)

16. Hydrosalpinx (anechoic tubular structure)

17. Hydrosalpinx.

18. Pyosalpinx (tubular structure with debris in adnexa

19. Tuboovarian abscess resulting from tuberculosis

20. Right hydrosalpinx with an occluded left fallopian tube

21. Syndromic Diagnosis of PID Minimum Criteria for Diagnosis (CDC 2002)
• Lower abdominal tenderness on palpation
• Bilateral adnexal tenderness
• Cervical motion tenderness
No other established cause
Negative pregnancy test

22. Additional Criteria (CDC 2002)
• Oral temperature > 38.3°C (101°F)
• Abnormal cervical / vaginal discharge
• Elevated ESR
• Elevated C-reactive protein
• WBCs on saline micro. of vaginal sec.
• Lab. documentation of cervical infection with N. gonorrhoeae/ C. trachomatis

23. Definitive Criteria (CDC 2002)
• Endometrial biopsy with histopathology evidence of endometritis
• TVS/ MRI: Thickened fluid filled tubes/
free pelvic fluid / tubo-ovarian complex
• Laparoscopic abnormalities consistent with PID

24. Management Issues • Inpatient vs. outpatient management ?
• Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy
without microbiological findings
vs.
Antibiotic treatment adapted to the microbiological agent identified ?
• Oral vs. Parenteral therapy?
• Duration of the treatment ?
• Associated treatment ?
• Prevention of re-infection ?

25. Criteria for Hospitalization (CDC 2002)
• Surgical emergencies not excluded
• Severe illness/ nausea/ vomit/ high fever
• Tubo-ovarian abscess
• Clinical failure of oral anti-microbials
• Inability to follow/ tolerate oral regimen
• Pregnancy
• Immunodeficient (HIV ē low CD4 counts,
immunosuppressive therapy)

26. Antibiotic Therapy Gonorrhea : Cephalosporins, Quinolones
Chlamydia: Doxycycline, Erythro-mycin & Quinolones (Not to cephalosporins)
Anaerobic organisms: Flagyl, Clindamycin and in some cases to Doxycycline.
Beta hemolytic streptococcus and E. Coli Penicillin derivatives, Tetracyclines, and Cephalosporins., E. Coli is most often treated with the penicillins or gentamicin.

27. Antibiotic Regimens (CDC 2002)
Parenteral regimen A
Cefoxitin 2 g IV q 6h / cefotetan 2 g IV q 12h +
Doxycycline 100 mg PO/IV q12h +
Metronidazole or Clindamycin (TO abscess)
Parenteral regimen B
Clindamycin 900 mg IV q 8h +
Gentamicin Loading dose 2 mg/kg IV/IM, maintenance 1.5 mg/kg IV/ IM q 8h

28. Other 2nd/ 3rd Generation Cephalosporins
Ceftizoxime - Cefizox,
Cefotaxime - Omnatex,
Ceftriaxone - Monocef,
Cefoperazone - Magnamycin,
Ceftizidime - Fortum

29. Alternative Parenteral Regimens (CDC 2002)
Ofloxacin 400 mg IV q 12 hours or
Levofloxacin 500 mg IV once daily
WITH OR WITHOUT
Metronidazole 500 mg IV q 8 hours
Ampicillin/Sulbactam 3 g IV q 6 hrs
PLUS
Doxycycline 100 mg orally/ IV q 12 hrs

30. Outpatient Antibiotic Therapy Regimen A (CDC 2002)
Ofloxacin 400 mg twice daily for 14 days or
Levofloxacin 500 mg once daily for 14 days
WITH OR WITHOUT
Metronidazole 500 mg twice daily for 14 days

31. Outpatient Antibiotic Therapy Regimen B (CDC 2002)
Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM once OR
Cefoxitin 2 g IM ē probenecid 1 g PO once +
Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid for 14
WITH OR WITHOUT
Metronidazole 500 mg BD x 14 d

32. CDC Recommendations
• No efficacy data compare parenteral with oral regimens
• Clinical experience should guide decisions reg. transition to oral therapy
• Until regimens that do not adequately cover anaerobes have been demonstrated to prevent sequelae as successfully as regimens active against these microbes, anaerobic coverage should be provided

33. When should treatment be stopped ?
• Parenteral changed to oral therapy after hrs, if substantial clinical improvement
• Continue Oral therapy until clinical & biological signs (leukocytosis, ESR, CRP) disappear or for at least 14 days
• If no improvement, additional diagnostic tests/ surgical intervention for pelvic mass/ abscess rupture

34. Associated treatment Rest at the hospital or at home
Sexual abstinence until cure is achieved
Anti-inflammatory treatment
Dexamethasone 3 tablets of 0.5 mg a day
or Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Oestro-progestatives: contraceptive effect
+ protection of the ovaries against a peritoneal inflammatory reaction +
cervical mucus induced by OP has preventive effect against re-infection.

35. Special Situations Pregnancy - Augmentin or Erythromycin
- Hospitalization
Concomitant HIV infection
- Hospitalization and i.v. antimicrobials
- More likely to have pelvic abscesses
- Respond more slowly to antimicrobials
- Require changes of antibiotics more often
- Concomitant Candida and HPV infections

36. Surgery in PID Indications Acute PID - Ruptured abscess
- Failed response to medical treatment
- Uncertain diagnosis
Chronic PID
- Severe, progressive pelvic pain
- Repeated exacerbations of PID
- Bilateral abscesses / > 8 cm. diameter
- Bilateral uretral obstruction

37. Surgery in PID - No improvement within 24-72 hours
• Timing of Surgery
- No improvement within hours
- Quiescent (2-3 months after acute stage)
• Type of Surgery
- Colpotomy
- Percutaneus drainage/ aspiration
- Exploratory Laparotomy
• Extent of Surgery
- Conservation if fertility desired
- U/L or B/L S.Ophrectomy ē/ š subtotal/ TAH
- Drainage of abscess at laporortomy
- Identification of ureters

38. Ruptured Pelvic Abscess
▪ Generalized Septic Peritonitis
↑ absorption of bacterial endotoxins
↑ fluid from inflamed peritoneal surfaces
Fluid shift intravascular to interstitial spaces
Hypovolemia, ↓ CO, VC, ↑ PR
↓ tissue perfusion, ARDS, hyoxemia
Multi-organ system failure
Prompt Diagnosis & Treatment

39. Ruptured Abscess- Management
Pre-Operative
Rapid/ adequate metabolic/hemodynamic preparation
Blood chemistry, CVP monitoring, ABG
X-match blood, IV fluids, aggressive antibiotics
Operative Management
Technical difficulties
Aggressive lavage of peritoneal cavity
Exploration for sub-diaphragmatic collection
Closed suction drain
Post- Operative
Shock, infection, ileus, fluid balance

40. Follow Up - Risk of re- infection and sequel. - Avoid douching
● Re-screening for Chlamydia & Gonorrhea
● Patient counseling:
- Risk of re- infection and sequel.
- Sexual counseling
- Avoid douching

41. Management of sex partners
• Examination and treatment
if they had sexual contact
with patients during the 60 days preceding the onset of symptoms
in the patients.
• Empirical treatment with regimens
effective against C. trachomatis
and N. gonorrhoeae

42. Opportunities for Control
STD
PID
Infertility
STD
Influenced by Interaction of following Environments
Genital Microbial Environment
Individual Behavioral Environment
Socio-geographic Environment

43. Prevention Primary Prevention:
- Sexual counseling: practice safe sex, limit the number of partners, avoid contact with high-risk partners, delay the onset of sexual activity until ≥ 16 years.
- Barrier and Oral contraceptives reduce the risk for developing PID.
Secondary Prevention:
• Screening for infections in high- risk.
- Rapid diagnosis and effective treatment of STD and lower urinary tract infections.
Tertiary Prevention:
- Early intervention & complete treatment.

44. Conclusion ● PID in women - “Silent epidemic”
● Can have serious consequences.
● Be aware of limitations of clinical diagnosis.
● Adequate analgesia and antibiotics.
● Proper follow up is essential.
● Treatment of male partner
● Educational campaigns for young women and health professionals.
● Prevention by appropriate screening for STD and promotion of condom usage.