1. The skeletal system: the appendicular skeleton

2. The Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder)
attach bones of upper limbs to axial skeleton
each: 1 clavicle
1 scapula

3. Clavicle
S-shaped, (medial ½ convex anteriorly, lateral ½ concave anteriorly) slender bone
lies horizontally across anterior thorax superior to 1st rib

4. Clavicle
medial end = sternal end is rounded & articulates with the sternoclavicular joint

5. Clavicle lateral end = acromial end is flat
articulates with acromion of the scapula to form acromialclavicular joint

6. Clavicle last bone to stop growing
1 of most frequently fx’d bones (2 curves) usually from fall on outstretched arm
or see compression fx in auto accidents from shoulder strap which can cause damage to median n. (between clavicle & 2nd rib)

7. Scapula aka shoulder blade, angel bone large, triangular, flat bone
in superior part of posterior thorax between levels of 2nd & 7th ribs
spine: prominent ridge that runs diagonally across posterior surface

8. lateral edge: acromion a flattened expanded process, easily felt as hi pt of shoulder (tailors use it as landmark to measure length of arm)
glenoid cavity: inferior to acromion, smooth, shallow depression that accepts head of humerus in shoulder joint

9. Scapula

10. Upper Limb 6 parts: Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges
Joints:
Shoulder
Elbow
Wrist
Hand

11. Humerus longest & largest bone of upper limb
articulates proximally with scapula & distally with ulna & radius
head: rounded proximal end
articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula to form glenohumeral joint

12. Humerus

13. Humerus
distal end:
capitulum: rounded knob on lateral aspect that articulates with head of radius
trochlea: medial to capitulum, spool- shaped, articulates with ulna

14. Humerus

15. Ulna medial aspect of forearm longer than radius
proximal end: olecranon (prominence in elbow)
distal end: head, styloid process (posterior)

16. Radius lateral aspect of forearm
proximal end: head of radius: articulates with capitulum
distal end: styloid process (palpable proximal to thumb)

17. Ulna & Radius connect @ 3 places interosseous membrane proximal end
distal end

18. Carpals proximal to the hand, distal to radius & ulna
8 small bones joined by ligaments
articulations w/each other called intercarpal joints

19. Carpal Tunnel

20. Metacarpals

21. Phalanges 14 bones of the digits (each hand)
#’d I to V beginning with thumb
thumb is the pollex has only 2 phalanges, other digits have 3
joints between phalanges called interphalangeal joints

22. Phalanges

24. Pelvic Girdle
2 hip bones (os coxa) which unite anteriorly at pubic symphysis and posteriorly with the sacroiliac joint

25. Pelvic Girdle Functions: provides sturdy support for vertebral column
connects lower limb to axial skeleton

26. Newborn Pelvis 3 bones on each side: Ilium Pubis Ischium
superior
Pubis
anterior & inferior
Ischium
posterior & inferior

27. Ilium largest of the 3 hip bones distinguishing features: Iliac Crest
along superior surface
Sacroiliac Joint (SI Joint)
between sacrum and ilium

28. Ilium

29. Ischium ramus of ischium fuses with pubis distinguishing features:
Ischial Tuberosity
what you feel when someone sits on your lap

30. Ischium

31. Pubis Acetabulum Pubic Symphysis formed by ilium, ischium, & pubis
is the “socket” half of the hip joint
Pubic Symphysis
joint between the 2 hip bones

32. True Pelvis/ False Pelvis
Pelvic Brim: line that distinguishes between true & false palvis

33. Male Pelvis
generally male bone heavier & stronger & have larger surface marker (because larger muscles attach)
Pelvis:
deeper false pelvis, smaller, narrower
pelvic brim heart-shaped
acetabulum larger, faces posterior
obturator foramen round

34. Female Pelvis generally bones lighter & thinner Pelvis:
false pelvis shallow, widers
pelvic brim larger, more oval
acetabulum smaller & faces anterior
obturator foramen oval

35. Male or Female?

36. Male or Female?

37. Lower Limb 30 bones in each: 1 femur 1 patella 1 tibia 1 fibula
7 tarsals
5 metatarsals
14 phalanges

38. Femur longest, heaviest, & strongest bone in the body
proximally articulates with the acetabulum to form hip joint
Head of the Femur: “ball” part of joint
small, central depression: fovea capitis
Greater Trochanter
prominence felt & side of hip

39. Femur

40. Femur
distally articulates with:
Patella
Tibia

41. Patella (kneecap) small, triangular, sesamoid bone
develops in tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle
Parts:
Base: broad, superior end
Apex: pointed, inferior end

42. Patella

43. Tibia
“shin bone” larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of lower leg proximally articulates with femur & fibula distally articulates with fibula & tarsals

44. Tibia
medial malleolus forms prominence that is palpable & visible on medial ankle

45. Fibula parallel & lateral to the tibia & considerably smaller
head of fibula on proximal end
lateral malleolus at distal end

46. Tibia & Fibula

47. Tarsals
7 bones:
1 calcaneous: heel bone, largest of the tarsals

48. Metatarsals 5 bones between tarsals & phalanges
#’d I to V from medial  lateral

49. Phalanges 14 bones that make up the 5 digits
#’d I to V medial to lateral
Hallux: great or big toe has 2 large heavy phalanges

50. Arches of the Foot 2 arches in foot:
allows the foot to support weight of body by distributing weight over the soft & hard tissues
provide leverage while walking
fully developed by age

51. Arches of the Foot 2 longitudinal arches (medial & lateral
1 transverse arch