1. Chapters 7 and 8 Axial and Appendicular Skeletons
Anatomy & Physiology
Chapters 7 and 8
Axial and Appendicular Skeletons

2. Axial Skeleton Longitudinal axis of the body
Skull, thoracic cage and vertebrae
Skull: 8 cranial (cranium or “braincase”) and 14 facial bones (face)
Skull also: 6 auditory ossicles and hyoid bone
24 vertebrae and sacrum and coccyx
24 ribs and sternum
Know #’s on page 199
Know vertebrae

3. Figure 7-1 The Axial Skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM
206
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
AXIAL SKELETON 80
(see Figure 8–1) 8
Cranium
Skull 14
Face
Skull and
associated
bones 29 6
Auditory
ossicles
Associated
bones 1
Hyoid 1
Sternum 25
Thoracic
cage 24
Ribs 24
Vertebrae 1
Sacrum 26
Vertebral
column 1
Coccyx
Skull
Cervical
vertebrae
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic
vertebrae
Costal
cartilages
An anterior view of the entire
skeleton, with the axial
components highlighted. The
numbers in the boxes indicate
the number of bones in the adult
skeleton.
Lumbar
vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the axial skeleton.
The individual bones associated with the skull are not visible. 3

4. Functions of axial skeleton
Framework that supports and protects brain and spinal cord and vital organs in thorax
Extensive surface area for attachment of muscles
Adjust head and neck position
Perform respiration
Stabilize/position appendicular skeleton
Limited articulations
Strength
Reinforcements of ligaments

5. Skull Cranial Cavity – “houses the brain”
Occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, parietal (pr) and temporal(pr)
Not only supports and protects the brain
Attaches muscles that move eyes, jaw and head
Facial Bones – “front porch, over entrances to digestive and respiratory systems”
Maxilla (pr), lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic and mandible
Palantine, inferior nasal conchae, vomer

6. Vocabulary terms Septum: divider or wall
Sinus: air filled cavities within bones of the skull;
Make bones lighter (less dense)
Mucus membranes moisten and clean air
Suture: immovable joints that fuse bones of adult skull
Lamboid suture arches across back
Coronal suture arches across the front
Sagiattal suture across the top of skullcap (R and L)
Sqaumous suture on each side of skull (by ears)
Sutures allow for bones to move as infant is born; bone is not ossified and brain is growing rapidly – areas called fontanelles or soft spots
Know view c on page 201
SAVE things like table on pg 213 for college anatomy course 
Very odd picture on page 215

7. Figure 7-3a-c The Adult Skull
OCCIPITAL BONE
Sagittal suture
Lambdoid
suture
PARIETAL
BONE
(left)
PARIETAL
BONE
(right)
PARIETAL
BONE
(right)
PARIETAL
BONE
(left)
Lambdoid
suture
Sagittal
suture
OCCIPITAL
BONE
Squamous
suture
TEMPORAL BONE
Coronal
suture
Mastoid process
Styloid process
FRONTAL BONE
ZYGOMATIC
BONE
Occipital condyle
External occipital
protuberance
MANDIBLE
NASAL BONES
Posterior view
Superior view
Coronal suture
PARIETAL
BONE
FRONTAL
BONE
SPHENOID
Squamous suture
Supra-orbital foramen
TEMPORAL
BONE
NASAL BONE
Squamous part of
temporal bone
LACRIMAL BONE
Lambdoid suture
ETHMOID
Infra-orbital foramen
OCCIPITAL
BONE
MAXILLA
External acoustic
meatus
ZYGOMATIC BONE
Mastoid process
Styloid process
MANDIBLE
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Mental foramen
Zygomatic
arch
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Mental protuberance
Lateral view 7

8. Vertebral column Vertebral column = spine
Vertebra = bone (vertebrae = plural; bones)
24 bones; 5 regions
4 curves
Primary curves – accommodate organs
Secondary curves – compensation (of weight)
Sacrum – accommodates hips
Coccyx – tailbones (fused)

9. Vertebra Vertebral body – bears weight
Each vertebra connected to next with ligaments
Separated by vertebral discs
Ventral – internal by aorta and intestine
Vertebral arch – posterior to foramen
Behind the spinal cord (most dorsal)
Pedicles and lamina
Articular process
“bumps”
Keep spine aligned
Spaces for nerves to leave

10. Figure 7-18 Vertebral Anatomy
Superior articular
process
Pedicle
Transverse
process
Articular processes
Vertebral body
Spinous
process
Vertebral arch
Inferior articular
facet
Vertebral body
Arrow passing
through vertebral
foramen
Inferior articular
process
The major components of
a typical vertebra
A lateral and slightly inferior
view of a vertebra
Spinous
process
Superior articular facets
Superior
articular
process
Inferior
articular
process
Superior articular process
Transverse
process
Lamina of
vertebral arch
Intervertebral
foramen
Inferior
articular
facet
Pedicle
Intervertebral
disc
Vertebral
foramen
Vertebral
body
Spinous process
Intervertebral
disc
An inferior view of a
vertebra
Transverse process
Vertebral body
Vertebral body
Inferior
articular
process
Inferior
articular
facet
Arrow passing
through vertebral
canal
An posterior view of
three articulated
vertebrae
A lateral and sectional view
of three articulated
vertebrae 10

11. Vertebrae Cervical vertebrae C1 – C7 Thoracic vertebrae T1 – T12
C1 = atlas; holds up head like Atlas holds up Earth; nods yes
C2 = axis; earth rotates on axis; nods no
Thoracic vertebrae T1 – T12
Each has a pair of ribs
Lumbar vertebrae L1 – L5

12. Appendicular Skeleton
80 bones of axial skeleton are only 40% of total
Remaining 60% are in appendicular skeleton
“ appendages “ - arms and legs, shoulders and hips
MOVEMENT of body and
MANIPULATION of objects

13. Pectoral Girdle
Think pectoral muscles/ “pecs”/ shoulders, chest and arms
Clavicles – collar bones; meet at sternum
Scapula – shoulder blades; LOTS of skeletal muscle but NO direct bone or ligament connection to axial skeleton
Humerus – upper arm
Radius – lower arm/ thumb side
Ulna – lower arm/ point of elbow to pinky finger
Bones of the hand *

14. Figure 8-6 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand
RADIUS
RADIUS
ULNA
Lunate
Lunate
Scaphold
Scaphold
Triquetrum
Trapezium
Trapezium
Pisiform
Trapezoid
Trapezoid I
Capitate
Hamate I
Capitate V V
Metacarpal
bones IV IV
III II
Metacarpal
bones II
III
Proximal
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
Proximal
phalanx
Middle
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
Anterior view
Posterior view
THIS WILL BE YOUR BIG ESSAY! LABEL THIS DIAGRAM 14

15. Carpel bones
Wrist has 8 bones
5 metacarpels
14 phalanges

16. Pelvic girdle Hip bones (coxal) – ilium, ischium and pubis
Pelvic brim, pelvic inlet, pelvic outlet
See page 243
MALE
FEMALE
<90 degree angle
More curvature of coccyx
Enlarged pelvic outlet
Inferior angle >100
Wider/circular inlet
Broader
lower

17. Legs and Feet Femur – longest and heaviest bone
Patella – kneecap; sesamoid bone, tendons to quadriceps femoris
Tibia – shin; large bump inside ankle
Fibula – lateral; attaches to tibia NOT femur; interosseous membrane; doesn’t support weight and is for movement of the foot
7 ankle (tarsal) bones bear weight of body
Calcaneous – largest; “heel bone”; Achilles tendon
Metatarsal bones and phalanges