1. Session 6 Leaving New Jersey for New York and Beyond Vagabonds & Sojourners Tramping the Appalachians But first, Geology in the News

2. 3.9 in 2008 depth 15,000’ 4.8 in 2011 depth 10,000’ Earthquake South of San Antonio

9. Earthquakes Oct, 20, 2011 & 2008 depths 9,820 & 15,000 feet Next, the quake in Turkey

11. Turkey Oct. 23, 2011. Earthquake 7.2 East of Lake Van

15. Lake Van (Turkish: Van Gölü, Armenian: Վանա լիճ Vana lich or Vana Lij, Kurdish: Gola Wanê [3][4][5] ) is the largest lake in Turkey, located in the far east of the country in Van district. It is a saline and soda lake, receiving water from numerous small streams that descend from the surrounding mountains. Lake Van is one of the world's largest endorheic lakes (having no outlet). The original outlet from the basin was blocked by an ancient volcanic eruption.TurkishArmenianKurdish [3][4][5]saline endorheic lakes The lake's outlet was blocked at some time during the Pleistocene, when lava flows from Nemrut volcano blocked westward outflow towards the Muş Plain. Now dormant, Nemrut Dağı is close to the western shore of the lake, and another dormant stratovolcano, Süphan Dağı dominates the northern side of the lakePleistocenelava flows NemrutMuş PlainNemrut DağıstratovolcanoSüphan Dağı Out of New Jersey and into New York

16. Evidence of human intelligence 100,000 years old found in a cave in South Africa Geology in the News Sea shell containing red ochre paste suggests human intelligence

17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Humanevolutionchart.png The Current Homo Fossil Record: Last 300,000 years Fossil advent of humans New evidence Maybe even here Out of New Jersey and into New York

18. The Graden State Parkway Leaving Ocean City Up the Garden State Parkway to IH-80 IH-80 to the GW Bridge up NJ 9W on the top of the Palisades black lava ridge to NY State The George Washington Bridge Out of New Jersey and into New York

19. New Jersey New York H u d s o n R i v e r G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n B r i d g e Heading for New York state on the top of the Palisades black diabase cliff

20. NJ 9-W going north Palisades black diabase cliff H u d s o n R i v e r Driving North on d-W we leave the lava cliff for the glaciated red beds, Leave New Jersey, and enter New York and pass through Orangeburg. Remember, the lava rocks of New Jersey

21. New Jersey New York Hudson River Triassic red beds & black lavas New Jersey Orangeburg, NY What’s interesting about Orangeburg? George Washington Bridge

22. Orangeburg, NY: Camp Shanks and Shanks Village Camp Shanks: NY WW II port of embarkation Shanks Village: NYC Veterans Housing

23. Hudson River Palisades black lava ridge Glaciated Triassic red beds “Shanks Village” Today The geology of south east New York state

25. New Jersey New York Connecticut Triassic red beds & black lavas The Great Valley New Jersey Highlands (Blue Ridge Mountains) Teconic Mountains The geology of south east New York state Focus on the Hudson River

26. focus Triassic red beds & black lavas Hudson River

27. Notice how wide the Hudson River is here And narrow here The wide Hudson called the Tappan Zee Let’s take a side trip to Connecticut across the Tappan Zee Bridge

28. Triassic black lava ridge Hudson River (Tappan Zee) Glaciated metamorphic & igneous rocks of the Teconic “Mountains” Tappan Zee Bridge

29. Tappan Zee Bridge looking toward Connecticut

30. Heading for the Merritt Parkway and New Canaan, Conn

31. NJ New York Conn M e r r i t t P a r k w a y New Canaan, CT Tappan Zee Bridge The Merritt Parkway, Connecticut

32. The Merritt Parkway, opened in 1938

33. The Merritt Parkway, the Oldest Parkway in the United States What’s geologically interesting in New Canaan?

34. Glacial Deposits: Connecticut Glacial sand & mud crowning the hill top New Canaan, Village Center

35. Glacial sand & mud crowning the hill top How might we get river deposits on hill tops? New Canaan, Village Center

36. Taconic Mountain igneous rocks before last glaciation Ice filled valleys Glacial ice; last ice age Glacial outwash Sand & gravel from melting glacier to the northGlacial outwash now being removed by erosion A local example of glacial age stream deposits on the top of hills: Williamson & Travis Counties

37. Pilot Knob volcano volcano Who has a house built on the glacial outwash in New Canaan? Gage stream deposits on hill tops: Williamson & Travis Counties

38. Sandi’s home for her high school senior year Should you go to New Canaan

39. Now up the Hudson River Valley

40. http://www.priweb.org/ed/TFGuide/NE/topo/ topo_files2/topo_pdfs/ne_topo2.pdf Conn New York State Triassic red beds & black lavas Blue Ridge/Tectonic mountains Great Valley Our route: out of Conn into NY at West Point & on up to Vermont Hudson River

42. Our route: out of Conn into NY at West Point & on up to Vermont

43. New Canaan West Point New Jersey New York Connecticut Triassic red beds & black basalt lavas Great Valley “Blue Ridge” Mountains Taconic and older netamorphic rocks

44. http://www.priweb.org/ed/TFGuide/NE/topo/ topo_files2/topo_pdfs/ne_topo2.pdf

47. Great Valley “Blue Ridge” Mountains Storm King State Park West Point West Point & the Hudson River up close

50. Storm King State Park

51. Note: as we leave New Jersey, the Hudson Highlands (Blue Ridge) terminates into the Taconic Mountains after crossing the Hudson at West Point The narrow Great Valley of New Jersey spreads out in New York along the Hudson River Why the direction change of the “Blue Ridge” and Taconic mountains?

52. The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Cambrian Geosyncline 12,000+ feet thick Location of New Jersey Beginning 500 million years ago, end Cambrian time The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time

53. The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Beginning 500 million years ago, end Cambrian time Location of New Jersey Equator 50 million years later

54. The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Location of New Jersey O r d o v i c i a n G e o s y n c l i n e 1 2, 0 0 0 + f e e t t h i c k O r d o v i c i a n G e o s y n c l i n e 6, 0 0 0 + f e e t t h i c k 450 million years ago, end Ordovician time Cambrian Geosyncline 12,000+ feet thick Taconic mountains

55. The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Location of New Jersey 450 million years ago, end Ordovician time Taconian Mountains The Cambrian/Ordovician geosyncline crushed & melted into mountains 25 million years later

56. The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Location of New Jersey 425 million years ago, Silurian time Silurian geosyncline: Taconic mountains being eroded

57. The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Location of New Jersey 425 million years ago, Silurian time 75 million years later Equator

58. Location of New Jersey 350 million years ago, Devonian time Devonian geosyncline crushed & melted by Acadian mountain building These mountains are the piedmont The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time

59. Location of New Jersey 350 million years ago, Devonian time The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Acadian Mountains (Piedmont?) 25 million years later

60. Location of New Jersey 325 million years ago, Mississippian time The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Deposition off the Acadian Mountains

61. Location of New Jersey 325 million years ago, Mississippian time The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Africa moving toward North America 25 million years later

62. Location of New Jersey 300 million years ago, Pennsylvanian time The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Beginning of Appalachian Geosyncline

63. Location of New Jersey 300 million years ago, Pennsylvanian time The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Appalachian mountain building geosyncline crushed & melted by collision with Africa & South America 50 million years later

64. Location of New Jersey 250 million years ago, Permian time The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Appalachian mountain building geosyncline crushed & melted by?

65. Location of New Jersey 250 million years ago, Permian time The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Appalachian mountain building geosyncline crushed & melted by? 50 million years later

66. Location of New Jersey 200 million years ago, Triassic time The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Triassic red beds & black lavas A brief summary

67. What might we remember about the geologic history of the Appalachians 1.Appalachian mountain were created from geosynclinal deposits as three mountain building episodes over a period of about 250 million years 2. The Taconic mountains were formed first from a thick, narrow a geosyncline extending from New England into the Canadian Maritime Provinces 3. The Acadian mountains appear to account for the Piedmont province of the central & southern Appalachians Back to our drive north up the Hudson Valley

68. Hudson River “Blue Ridge” Mountains Great Valley Driving north from West Point West Point

69. Valley and Ridge Catskill Delta Red beds Great Valley Remember: everything we encounter from here north will be glaciated Let’s look at the big picture

70. Catskill Delta Area of last slide

71. Catskill Red Bed Delta, 350 million years old

72. Acadian Mountain Catskill red bed delta

73. Catskill Delta

74. Catskill Delta Area of this slide

76. Valley and Ridge Catskill Delta Red beds Great Valley What’s interesting near New Paltz, NY

77. G r e a t V a l l e y Valley & Ridge province Catskill Delta Red beds What natural resources are found here in eastern New York?

78. New Paltz Mohonk Mountain House Great Valley province Valley & Ridge province Mohonk Ridge

79. Catskill Delta red beds

80. Mohonk Mountain Lodge Back to the Hudson River valley

81. Catskill red bed delta Valley & Ridge Taconic Mountains H u d s o n V a l l e y ( G r e a t V a l l e y ) Geologic Cross Section

82. Valley & Ridge Catskills Taconic Mountains Hudson River Valley Another View

83. Catskill red bed delta Taconic Mountains Easily eroded Devonian Hudson Valley limestones and shales Marcellus gas shale at the surface

84. Marcellus Outcrops: Black Back to the Hudson Valley

85. Catskill red bed delta Taconic Mountains Easily eroded Devonian Hudson Valley limestones and shales. (Great Valley) Mohawk River Valley

86. Mohawk River & the Erie Canal

87. The Canal and the rocks of New York

88. Niagara Falls

89. Resistant Niagara Limestone ridge creating the falls Creation of the Finger Lakes

90. Glacial still-stand during melting Glacial lake Chautauqua

91. glacier Lake Chautauqua up close

92. Chautauqua Institute

93. Leaving Lake Chautauqua for Albany on the New York Throughway and on to Vermont of NY 4

94. Leaving Lake Chautauqua for Albany on the New York Throughway and on to Vermont of NY 4 What natural resources are in New York State?

95. No iron, coal, or oil in or near the Hudson River valley 1 billion year old Adirondack dome No iron, coal, or oil in or near the Mohawk River or Erie Canal What geology do we find going north from Albany into Vermont?

96. Appalachian Trend

97. Focus area

98. Vermont A closer look

99. Albany Can you find the geological provinces we have visited from New Jersey to Vermont? New Jersey Let’s look at a cross section here

100. Where did the Taconic Mountains of Vermont come from?

101. Vermont Taconic Mountains Before westward thrusting Taconic Mountains today Westward Thrusting of the Taconic Mountains

102. Middlebury Synclinorium Driving into Vermont

103. Rutland Killington Middlebury New York Vermont 1 billion year old Adirondack Mountains G r e e n M o u n t a i n s Middlebury Syclinorium Taconic Overthrust Killington Ski Resort

104. Fighting the New England Boiler Plate

105. Taconic Overthrust New York Vermont Green Mountains

106. Green Mountains Taconic Overthrust Adirondack Mountains Middlebury Synclinorium Middlebury Synclinorium cross section

107. Complex Structures of the Middlebury Synclinorium Middlebury College Middlebury Synclinorium Taconic overthrust Green Mountains

108. Green Mountains Middlebury College