2. Developing Master Plans for Constructing Tribal Correctional Facilities and Multi-Service Centers Tribal Justice and Safety Conference July 30, 2007 Phoenix, AZ

3. Why Plan? Planning Based on Populations, Missions and Programs Case Study: Rosebud Sioux Youth Wellness and Renewal Center DOJ, OJP/BJA Tribal Planning Grants Shelley Zavlek, JPI Mark Goldman, JPI Patricia Broken Leg, BIA Shelley Zavlek

4. Justice System and Facility Planning: Dollar$ and $ense Tribal Justice and Safety Conference July 30, 2007 Phoenix, AZ Shelley Zavlek Justice Planners International

5. Why Assess What We Are Doing? The main and most compelling reason for System Planning and Reform: We needlessly and inappropriately lock up too many kids and adults in this country at staggering social and economic costs! WAAAYWAAAY

6. Economic Impact In 2000, as a nation we spent$10-15 billion on juvenile justice, with the lion’s share spent on secure confinement.

7. Economic Impact States spent $29.5 billion for prisons in 2001, about a $5½ billion increase from 1996, after adjusting for inflation.

8. Economic Impact State correctional expenditures increased 145% in 2001 constant dollars from $15.6 billion in FY 1986 to $38.2 billion in FY 2001.

9. Threshold Question: Is our level of reliance on incarceration of adults and youth necessary?

10. Juvenile Violent Crime Is Declining The juvenile Violent Crime Index arrest rate in 2003 was lower than in any year since at least 1980 and 48% below the peak year of 1994

11. Juvenile Property Crime Is Declining The juvenile arrest rate for Property Crime Index offenses in 2003 was 46% below its levels in 1980

12. How has that affected the Rate of Juvenile Confinement? Juvenile Offenders held in Residential Placement Facilities

13. How has that affected the Rate of Juvenile Confinement? Juvenile Confinement Has Increased by almost 100%

14. In every state except Vermont, the custody rate for minority offenders exceeded the rate for whites Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report – NCJJ/ OJJDP

15. Rates per 100,000 population Note: Precise comparisons are difficult to make due to differences in methods and basis of data collection. U.S. Compared with Other Nations:

16. Source: New York Times, 1/15/07, The Mentally Ill, Behind Bars Federal and State prison populations: Federal and State prison populations: 1970 – 200,000 adults 2002 – 1,300,000 adults Over 600 inmates per 100,000 adults + 700,000 inmates in jail U.S. Compared with Other Nations: Adults In Confinement Highest adult incarceration number and rate in the WORLD! in the WORLD!

17. Rates per 100,000 population Note: Includes pre-trial detainees. Source: World Prison Population List (6 th ed.), Int’l Centre for Prison Studies, Kings College U.S. Compared with Other Nations:

18. Is our level of reliance on confinement effective? The Question We Need to Ask:

19.  Impacts of youth detention/incarceration:  Increased recidivism  Increased re-offending  Aggravated condition of mentally ill youth  Youth at greater risk of self-harm  Negative impact on re-enrollment in school  Reduced success in labor market Programmatic Impact: Recent Research Source: The Dangers of Detention: The Impact of Incarcerating Youth in Detention and Other Secure Facilities, JPI, November 2006

20. Economic Impact  Secure facilities are: Expensive to build Expensive to operate Not effective for many offenders

21. You will pay the cost of construction about every 38 months for the life of your building. Lifetime Cost of Secure Beds 10 x Cost of Construction

22. Impact On Service Delivery  Unnecessary reliance on detention and incarceration drains available funds away from interventions that: Work as well and often better Cost far less Reach more offenders

23. Danger: If confinement is a hammer and the only tool in your toolbox, then every problem begins to look like a nail.

24. Danger:

25. Case Study: Juvenile Tribal Center Dollars & $ense of Secure Confinement 40 Beds – overcrowded, to be replaced Proposed 80-bed facility at cost of: $389,767 monthly cost of operations and debt financing over 10 years $ 10,900,000 Building, land & bond fees $ 266,000 Monthly cost of operations

26. Juvenile Tribal Center: System Assessment Careful evaluation of needs achieved through a comprehensive system assessment reveals that with improved operational efficiency and availability of alternative programs and services the tribe may need only 60 beds, which it can design to expand to 80+ beds in the future.

27. Juvenile Center System Assessment: Projected Bedspace Needs 60 Bed Alternative: $ 8,600,000 building, land & bond fees $297,651 Monthly cost of operations ($200,000) and debt financing ($97,651) over 10 years $92,116 monthly savings vs. 80-bed option Source: McMillen, M. 1998. Planning juvenile detention facilities: The real costs. Journal for Juvenile Justice and Detention Services 13(Spring):49­57.

28. Building a Continuum of Care What types of services can you purchase for $92,000 per month? 10 Shelter care beds @ $120/day = $ 36,000 20 Daily units electronic monitoring @ $18/person/day = $ 10,800 10 slots of day-reporting (tutoring, counseling, skill building) @ $15,000/month = $ 15,000 $ 61,800 $31,000/month left over for family intervention, substance abuse counseling, community-based services, etc.

29. Immediate Economic Benefit to Kids County For the cost of holding 80 juveniles in secure confinement the tribe is able to serve 100+ juveniles and their families and provide support services in the community.

30. Long-term Economic Benefits

31. How do we go about changing our level of reliance on secure confinement of adults and youth?

32. Comprehensive System Assessment Conduct a comprehensive system assessment that examines all factors that define how your adult and juvenile justice system is working. GOAL: Maximize system efficiency and effectiveness

33. Keys to System Change:  Establish a comprehensive range of sanctions and services that are responsive to the particular needs of your tribe  Organize policies, practices and services to provide a coordinated response  Maintain sufficient capacity in programs and services to ensure a timely response  Adopt explicit policies and guidelines that govern how the system will operate and services will be utilized

34. Justice System and Facility Planning: Dollar$ and $ense Conference Name July 30, 2007 Phoenix, AZ Shelley Zavlek Justice Planners International 201-768-6839 szavlek@justicesolutionsgroup.com szavlek@justicesolutionsgroup.com