2. Regents Biology collagen (skin) Proteins insulin –muscle –skin, hair, fingernails, claws ______________________ –_____________ digestive enzyme in stomach –_____________ hormone that controls blood sugar levels

3. Regents Biology Proteins Function: –many, many functions _____________ –signals from one body system to another –insulin _____________ –muscle _____________ –protect against germs _____________ –help chemical reactions

4. Regents Biology Proteins Building block = amino acid amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – —N——N— H H H | —C— | C—OH || O ______________ ____________  20 different ___________________ There’s 20 of us… like 20 different letters in an alphabet! Can make lots of different words

5. Regents Biology Amino acid chains Proteins –amino acids chained into a _____________ Each amino acid is different –some “like” water & ___________________ –some “fear” water & __________________ amino acid

6. Regents Biology pepsin 3-D protein structure collagen Proteins ______________ into _________________ –that’s what happens in the cell! Different shapes = _____________________ hemoglobin growth hormone

7. Regents Biology Its shape that matters! Proteins do their jobs, because of their ____________ Unfolding a protein _____________________ –wrong shape = can’t do its job –unfolding proteins = “____________________” ______________ folded unfolded “denatured” In Biology, it’s not the size, it’s the SHAPE that matters!

8. Regents Biology Chemical reactions of life Processes of life –building molecules ________________ –breaking down molecules ________________ ++

9. Regents Biology Nothing works without enzymes! How important are enzymes? –_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ building molecules –synthesis enzymes breaking down molecules –digestive enzymes –______________________________ “___________________” ++ enzyme We can ’ t live without enzymes!

10. Regents Biology Examples synthesis digestion ++ enzyme

11. Regents Biology Enzymes are proteins Each enzyme is the _______________ to a ___________________ –each enzyme needs to be the ________________________ for the job –enzymes speed up reactions “catalysts” –enzymes are named for the ___________ they help sucrase breaks down ___________ proteases breakdown proteins lipases breakdown _____________ _____________________ builds DNA Oh, I get it! They end in -ase

12. Regents Biology Enzymes ________________________ Enzymes are ______________________ by the reaction –used only temporarily –_______________ for the same reaction with other molecules –very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions enzyme substrateproduct active site

13. Regents Biology It’s shape that matters! __________________ –_______________ allows enzyme & substrate to fit –_______________________ _______________________

14. Regents Biology 1 2 3

15. Enzyme vocabulary Enzyme –helper molecule Substrate –molecule that enzymes work on ___________________________ –enzyme & molecule __________________ _________________ –part of enzyme that substrate molecule ___________

16. Regents Biology More about Enzymes: What Affects Enzymes

17. Regents Biology Enzyme concentration Effect on rates of enzyme activity –as _________________ amount of enzyme = _____________ how fast the reaction happens more enzymes = more frequently they collide with substrate

18. Regents Biology Enzyme concentration amount of enzyme reaction rate What’s happening here?!

19. Regents Biology Substrate concentration Effect on rates of enzyme activity –as _______________ amount of substrate = ________________ how fast the reaction happens more substrate = more frequently they collide with enzyme

20. Regents Biology Substrate concentration amount of substrate reaction rate What’s happening here?!

21. Regents Biology Temperature Effect on rates of enzyme activity –_________________________ greatest number of collisions between enzyme & substrate human enzymes = –35°- 40°C (_____________________) –Raise temperature _____________________________________ –Lower temperature T° molecules move slower decrease collisions

22. Regents Biology Temperature temperature reaction rate What’s happening here?!

23. Regents Biology pH Effect on rates of enzyme activity –____________________________ depends on where in body pepsin (stomach) = pH 3 trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8

24. Regents Biology 7 pH reaction rate 20134568910 stomach pepsin intestines trypsin What’s happening here?! 11121314

25. Regents Biology For enzymes… What matters?