1. GIS for Environmental Science
ENSC 3603
Class 7
2/03/09

2. Today's Objectives Quiz GIS Data GeoStor Quick Start Guide
NRCS Web Soil Survey
Vector Data
ArcGis, ArcCatalog

3. GIS Data GeoStor 5 quick start guide NRCS Web Soil Survey
NRCS Web Soil Survey

4. Data
Thematic Layers
A GIS stores information about the world as a collection of thematic layers that can be linked together by geography.

5. Data
Geographic data record the locations and characteristics of natural features or human activities that occur on or near the Earths surface.
Data Types:
Vector Raster Surface

6. Vector Data
Vector Data: A conceptual representation of geographic features.
Vector Data Model: Object based approach to represent discrete objects.
Vector Data Model Concepts use graphical elements:
Points
Lines or arcs
Polygons or areas
These are also known as Feature Classes

7. Reality as Vector Data Points (Man-holes) Lines (Roads, Sewer lines)
Real-World entities are abstracted into three basic shapes
Points
(Man-holes)
Lines
(Roads, Sewer lines)
Polygons
(Wetlands, Fields,
Buildings)

8. Vector Data
Point, Line and Polygon entities.

9. Vector Data
Points: Chicken houses in Washington County

10. Vector Data
Line: Washington County Roads

11. Vector Data
Polygon: Washington County Soil Series

12. Vector Data
Converted to Vector data
Structure
Raster data Structure

13. Vector Data
Feature classes pertain to a particular theme such as vegetation, land parcels, drainage and transportation etc.
Feature classes are organized into layers
Layers only have one type of graphical element.

14. Vector Data Representing vector data differently at different scales:
Cartographic generalization – line and area objects are represented by more coordinates at a large scale than at a small scale.
Cartographic symbolization – Vector data are represented by different symbols that visually distinguish them from one another

15. Vector Data Topology: Spatial relationships Adjacency: neighborhood
Containment: Inclusion of one spatial object within another
Connectivity: Linkages among spatial objects

16. Vector Data Topology: Spatial relationships Adjacency: neighborhood
Polygon C is Adjacent to Polygons B and D

17. Vector Data Topology: Spatial relationships
Containment: Inclusion of one spatial object within another.
Polygon A is Contained within Polygon B

18. Vector Data Topology: Spatial relationships
Connectivity: Linkages among spatial objects.
Point A is Connected to Point B A B

19. Vector Data
Vector-based GIS Data-Processing:
Input
Analysis
Output

20. Vector Data Input functions Digitizing tables Image scanning
Importing data

21. Vector Data Data input functions:
Acquisition by digitizing, purchasing, collecting new data by GPS, surveying or photogrammetric and remote sensing methods
Editing to clean and inspect data.
Formatting or translating to convert data to a specific physical database format.
Linking graphical data to associated attribute data.

22. Vector Data Analysis functions: Nontopological Analysis:
Attribute database query
Structured Query Language (SQL)
Address geocoding
Or Address matching, TIGER files
Area Calculation
Statistical computation
Mean, max, min and standard deviation computed for items in attribute tables.

23. Attribute database query, Structured Query Language (SQL)

24. Attribute database query, Structured Query Language (SQL) Map Result

25. Geocoding Database of address used to Map locations on a map.
                                                                                                           
Database of address used to
Map locations on a map.
Mapquest uses Geocoding to find
locations.

26. Statistical computation, Mean, max, min and standard deviation
computed for items in attribute tables
Field F1
Soil pH

27. Vector Data Topological Analysis Layer-based Analysis Reclassification
Aims to reduce categories of attribute data
Layer-based Overlay analysis
Topological Overlay Operators for polygon on polygon
UNION: Keeps all area in both layers
INTERSECT: Keeps only parts of the first layer falling within the second layer
IDENTITY: keeps all layer features
CLIP: Cuts out a piece of the first layer based on the second
ERASECOV: erase part of first layer based on the second
SPLIT: divides the first layer based on the second
Network analysis

28. Vector Data Network analysis Linear features that are interconnected
Examples, highways, railways, rivers transit routes utility distribution systems.
Example problem: Find shortest route between two points.
Line segments and junctions can have resistance.

29. Vector Data
River Network

30. Vector Data Feature-based analysis
A Buffer is a zone with a specified width that surrounds a spatial feature.
Buffering
Used for neighborhood analysis
Feature-based overlay analysis
Example, point in polygon

31. Vector Data
Buffering around a point
Buffering around lines

32. Vector Data Overlay analysis Represents the world in layers
Combines human/social with environmental
Data must be measured, generalized, and quantified
Both visual and analytical analysis
Types Visual, Boolean, Arithmetic

33. Vector Data Output Functions Vector map Composition
Graduated Symbols
Graduated Colors
Charts
Contour Lines
3-D Perspective Views
Vector-raster conversion

34. Class Project
A 200 word statement describing a problem to be addressed by the project. Include an:
Introduction
Objectives
Methods – Data, Software, Analysis
References
Example found at:

35. For Next time Chapter 5 in Lo (2007) Project proposal due February 5th
ESRI Module 2 due

36. "Focus not on the commotion around you, but the opportunity ahead of you." - Arnold Palmer
"Achievement is largely the product of steadily raising one's levels of aspiration and expectation." - Jack Nicklaus