1. Use of Crumb Rubber in Golf Course Green and Drainage Area Construction Use of Crumb Rubber in Golf Course Green and Drainage Area Construction Can They Be Better? Jae K. (Jim) Park, Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Wisconsin - Madison

2. 2 Outline  History of Golf Course Green Construction  Environmental Issues  Previous Studies  Crumb Rubber in Green Construction Bench-Scale Study Field Study  Results  Conclusions

3. 3 History First greens established from existing elevations. Push-up greens: utilizes native soil USGA Green Construction Method: Released Sept. 1960 Revised 1993 Used for sand-based athletic field construction California Green Construction Method: University of California – Davis: 1960s Not recommended by USGA

4. 4 Two Goals: Cohesion between root zone mix and gravel layer “Perched” water table USGA Green Construction Profile USGA, 1993 2” coarse sand intermediate layer 12” root zone 4” perforated drain tile 4” gravel drainage layer Subgrade Conform to contour of finished grade Thoroughly compacted Mainline along maximum fall Herringbone pattern Max. 15 ft spacing of lateral lines Selection dependent on root zone properties for proper ratio of particle bridging, permeability, and uniformity Typically 85% Sand/15% Peat Infiltrate water

5. 5 California Green Construction Profile USGA, 1993 Subgrade 4” perforated drain tile 2” coarse sand intermediate layer 12” root zone 4” gravel drainage layer Root zone consisting of un-amended sand 4” perforated drain tile

6. 6 Possible Best Management Practices Select disease tolerant grass species/varieties Avoid chemical applications before rain events Infiltrate water exiting drain lines Install mechanical filtration units Employ soil amendments (inorganics) Use crumb rubber Apply fertilizer lightly but frequently

7. Hypothesis Adsorption of contaminants using crumb rubber as a distinct sub-layer in golf course greens

8. 8 Typical Passenger Tire Composition MaterialPercentage Styrene butadiene46.78% Carbon black45.49% Aromatic oil1.74% Zinc oxide1.40% Stearic acid0.94% Antioxidant 6C1.40% Wax0.23% Sulfur1.17% Accelerator CZ0.75%

9. 9 Tire Markets (RMA, 2002)

10. 10 Effect of Organic Carbon in Tires on Breakthrough

11. 11 Heavy Metal Removal by Tires  Mercury removal: equivalent to powdered activated carbon (PAC); optimum pH range: 5 ~ 7  Cadmium (II) and mercury (II): an ion- exchange type removal  Lead (II) removal: adsorption  Other heavy metals: probably similar to PAC

12. 12 Modern Landfill Design (Park et al., 1996) Top Sopil Clay Liner Solid Waste Filter Layer (Scrap Tires) Protective Soil Pipe Native Soil Foundation FML Compacted Soil Pipe Drainage Layer Leachate Collection Layer (Scrap Tires)

13. 13 Schematic of Bentonite Slurry Wall (Park et al., 1997) Contamination Vadose Zone Slurry Wall

14. 14 Relationship between K and K ow 43210 0 1 2 3 4 log K ow TCE Toluene m-Xylene MC log K = 0.824 + 0.614 log K ow Chloroform Ethylbenzene Formaldehyde

15. 15 Calculation of the Tire Layer Depth Mass of Tire Chips per Unit Area (kg/acre) Thickness of Tire Layer (cm) M a = f Q r t d  t 10 -3 1 - f 10 0.824 + 0.614 logK ow

16. 16 Tire Layer Depths for 90% Removal 0 30 0.1 3 30 300 Design life time, yrs Benzene TCE m-Xylene Pentachlorophenol 50 Q r =500m 3 /acre/yr n = 0.5 10100 Thickness of tire layer, cm

17. 17 Summary Scrap tires are valuable resources rather than solid wastes. Scrap tires do not pose any serious environmental threat when used for beneficial reuse/recycle. Scrap tires actually clean up contaminants like a sponge by selectively adsorbing contaminants.

18. 18 Experimental Setup and Results

19. 19 Column Study Profiles 5 cm Pea Gravel Layer 5 cm Rubber Layer 10 cm Rubber Layer Profile A L Profile C L Profile B L 30 cm Sand Root Zone

20. 20 Nine Models: 3 Conditions  3 Replications Sand/Rubber Interface Rubber/Gravel Interface

21. 21

22. 22 Profile A L Profile B L Profile C L Fertilized with 4.9 g N/m 2 15-24-8 every 7 days Collected Samples for Analysis Irrigated with 1 Liter Tap Water = 1.3 cm Precipitation Flow Chart of Column Study

23. Average Nitrate Concentration in Column Samples

24. 24 Field Study Profiles 10 cm Pea Gravel Layer 10 cm Pea Gravel Layer 10 cm Crumb Rubber Layer 5 cm Rubber Layer Profile A F Profile C F Profile B F 35 cm Sand Root Zone 85:15 Sand:Peat mix

25. 25 Test Plot and Lysimeter Construction

26. 26 2-cm Vinyl Tubing 4-L HDPE Collection Bottle HDPE 20-cm Utility Funnel 250 mL HDPE Sampling Bottle 0,3-cm Plexiglass Plate Wire Screen Mesh 1-cm Polypropylene Tubing 1.3-cm Fiberglass Wick

27. 27

28. 28 Test Plot and Lysimeter Construction

29. 29

30. 30 Photo of Rubber Installation

31. 31 Photo of Root Zone Installation

32. Seeded Penncross Cr. Bentgrass 4.9 g P 2 O 5 /m 2 Irrigation: 1/8 inch applications 4 times/day 4.9 g P 2 O 5/ /m 2 4.9 g N/m 2 Collected Samples approximately every 4 days Flow Chart of Field Study

33. Average Nitrate Concentration in Field Samples

34. Average pH of Field Samples

35. Average Volume Collected in Lysimeters

36. 36 Average Turfgrass Quality, Color, and Density for Three Configurations Treatment QualityColorDensity range d 0-100% 16-Jul28-Sep16-Jul28-Sep16-Jul28-Sep USGA a 4.86.0 93.3100.0 Rubber Intermediate Layer b 5.55.76.05.793.3100.0 Rubber Drainage Layer c 5.26.05.76.296.7100.0 Least significant difference (P < 0.05) ns e ns a United States Golf Association sand-based golf course putting green profile. b Fine-ground rubber produced by Tire Grinder, Aurora, IL. c Coarse-ground rubber produced by Tire Grinders, Aurora, IL. d Turf quality and color were rated visually on a one (poor) to nine (best) scale (six acceptable). e ns = not significant.

37. 37 Conclusions  Nitrate movement was significantly retarded (over one months) when a crumb rubber was used in the sublayer compared with pea gravel.  pH of infiltrated water was not altered with crumb rubber sub-layer addition.  There were no significant difference in quality, color, and density of turfgrass among three configurations.

38. 38 Conclusions – cont.  When the proposed green construction method is used for an 18-hole golf course, approximately 72,000 tires are needed. If crumb rubber is used as a drainage pipe backfill material, embankment material, and sublayer of fairways and tee boxes, the number of tires used in golf construction may increase up to 20 folds.  Due to excellent properties of tires such as light weight, insulation, adsorption of contaminants, ground tires can be used for construction of environmentally-friendly golf courses without affecting playing conditions.

39. 39 Advantages of Using Ground Tires in Golf Course Construction  Additional barrier for removal of fertilizers and pesticides that may migrate to groundwater or surrounding environment.  Excellent insulation for longer growing season and less freezing problems.  Less compaction due to resilient property of ground tires.  Easy construction due to light weight of ground tires compared with gravels (cost of ground tires may be higher than gravels but the construction cost will be less.)  Construction of environmentally-friendly golf course

40. 40 Acknowledgements Robert Lisi – Civil and Environmental Engineering and Landscape Architecture Departments, UW-Madison Dr. John Stier – Horticulture Department, UW-Madison O.J. Noer Turfgrass Research and Education Facility Staff

41. 41 Questions???