2. From the mind to the body, and back again

3. MindWorld Action Body Perception Body

4. Descartes: immunity from error James: “same old body always there”

5. MindWorld Action Perception Body

6. Visual Body Body representations mediating touch Primary Touch Tactile Object Description Tactile Stimulus

7. Viewing the body enhances touch Penfield & Rasmussen (1950) Weinstein (1968)

8. Summary of conditions DarknessView of Arm Magnified View of Arm View of Neutral Object Control for effects of visuo-spatial attention Kennett, Taylor-Clarke & Haggard, Current Biology, 2002

9. ** * Kennett, Taylor-Clarke & Haggard, Current Biology, 2002

10. Visual presetting of touch: TMS study Fiorio & Haggard, European Journal of Neuroscience, 2005

11. Visual presetting of touch: TMS study Fiorio & Haggard, European Journal of Neuroscience, 2005 Index fingertip: grating Orientation Test

12. Visual presetting of touch: TMS study Fiorio & Haggard, European Journal of Neuroscience, 2005 Enhancement of touch when viewing the hand (1) … …is abolished by prior TMS to SI (2) * *

13. Top-down (2): Pre-existing body image Bottom-up (1): Multisensory correlation Tsakiris & Haggard, J. Exp. Psychol.: HPP (2005)  “Body Ownership” Building a bodily self

14. Rubber Hand Illusion SynchronousAsynchronous feel see Congruent Synchronous (CS) Congruent Incongruent Congruent Asynchronous (CA) Incongruent Asynchronous (IA) Incongruent Synchronous (IS) Bottom-up Top-down

15. Proprioceptive measure of body ownership = perceived position of subject’s hand after stimulation minus perceived position at pre-test Time

16. Viewing Congruent Rubber Hand Viewing Incongruent Rubber Hand SynchronousAsynchronousSynchronousAsynchronous

17. A general, top-down factor in body awareness Tsakiris and Haggard, J. Exp. Psychol. (2005)

18. View Object Neutral Object Rubber Hand TMSNo TMSTMSNo TMS rTPJVertex (Control) TMS Site Electrical stimulation of TPJ induces out-of-body experience Blanke et al., Nature, 2002

19. View Object Neutral Object Rubber Hand TMSNo TMSTMSNo TMS rTPJVertex (Control) TMS Site

20. rTPJ: a brain centre for constructing the bodily self Costantini, Tsakiris and Haggard (in prep.)

23. Neural bases of body awareness Mental representation of our ‘reference’ body Specific brain substrate in right TemporoParietal junction Enhances and integrates new bodily sensations Constructs a bodily self, distinct from the external world

24. MindWorld Action Perception Body

27. “23”

28. Neural preparation and conscious intention Voltage at Cz (  V) Time (s) 0 Movement Onset Readiness potential M judgement: conscious awareness of action -86 ms -206 ms W judgement: conscious awareness of intention ?? | +

29. 1. Pre-SMA2. Dorsal prefrontal3. IntraParietal Neural correlates of conscious intention (Lau, Rogers, Haggard, Passingham, Science 2004) Judge time of intention – judge time of action These areas are involved in choice and action selection

30. Haggard & Eimer, Exp. Brain Res. Free selection Left or Right actions C4C3

31. Haggard & Eimer, Exp. Brain Res. Free selection Left or Right actions Distribution of Awareness Times C4C3

32. Haggard & Eimer, Exp. Brain Res. Free selection Left or Right actions Distribution of Awareness Times Neural correlates of Awareness should have same distribution C4C3

33. C4C3 Contralateral Ipsilateral Free selection Left or Right actions Lateralisation: selection of specific body part to perform the action Conscious intention is bodily-specific

34. Cz Non-lateralised midline readiness potential does not correlate with conscious awareness Non-lateralised readiness potential

35. Intentional Binding Haggard, Clark & Kalogeras, Nature Neuroscience, 2002 Time Action Awareness of Action Time Action Effect (Beep) Shifted Awareness of Action Perceptual Shift: +15 ms

36. Time Beep Awareness of Beep Time Action Effect (Beep) Shifted Awareness of Beep Perceptual Shift: -46 ms Intentional Binding Haggard, Clark & Kalogeras, Nature Neuroscience, 2002

37. Shifted Awareness of Action +15 Intentional Binding Haggard, Clark & Kalogeras, Nature Neuroscience, 2002 Action Effect (beep) 250 ms Reality 189 ms Judgement Shifts Beep Awareness Individual Judgements Action Awareness Shifted Awareness of Beep -46

39. +15 Intentional Binding Haggard, Clark & Kalogeras, Nature Neuroscience, 2002 Action Effect (beep) 250 ms Reality 189 ms Voluntary Action -46 -27 308 ms Involuntary TMS- induced twitch +31

40. MindWorld Body Mechanisms of Intentional Binding

41. MindWorld Body Mechanisms of Intentional Binding

42. MindWorld Body 1. Predictive preconstruction Mechanisms of Intentional Binding 2. Inferential reconstruction

43. Beep Awareness Individual Judgements Action Awareness +12 Action + Effect 50% +5 ??? +13 Action + Effect 75% 25% +11 ???

44. Conclusions The brain contains mental representations of our body These representations mediate our actions and our perceptions of the external world Our awareness of action links our body to the external world, in a temporal ‘atom’ of experience The neural bases of bodily sensation and bodily action offer an experimental window into self-consciousness

45. Thanks Family Teachers Colleagues

46. Thanks Family Teachers Colleagues