1. Different Eras of Federalism

2. Dual Federalism of the Rural Republic (1789-1865)
Enumerated powers
Sovereign and equal spheres
Nullification
Eventually settled by the Civil War

3. Dual Federalism Serving Commerce (1865-1901)
Focus on commerce
"to perfect the free economy“
Growing government at both levels
States as senior partners in police powers and providing services

4. Cooperative Federalism (1901-1960)
Shared functions
focus on providing services
broadly collaborative patterns
Income Tax; Grants-in-aid
Fed is “servant to the states”
New Deal

5. Creative Federalism (1960-1968)
Overloaded cooperation
Intergovernmental fiscal transfers
Crosscutting regulation and states as implementers of federal mandates
Increased regulations (strings)
Great Society (LBJ)

6. New Federalism and the Reaction (1970-)
Revenue sharing
Devolution
Growth of unfunded mandates
Deregulation
Supply-side reductions
Deficit dominates