1. FOUR MAJOR RUSSIAN ERAS: 1.Ancient Russia: Early Period to 1688; Kievan Rus Empire 2.Imperialism: 1688-1917 3.Soviet Union Period: 1917-1991 (Bolsevik Revolution of 1917) 4.Post-Soviet Union: 1991- Present(democractic & capitalist after collapse of the U.S.S.R.)

2. KEY TERMS 1.Czar-a Russian emperor (king) 2.Dumas-a Russian congress established by Czar Nicolas II. 3.Totalitarian-absolute control of a governing branch 4.Iron Curtain- an imaginary fence that cut Russia from all contact and trade with the West

3. KEY TERMS CONT… 5. gulags-labor camps (prisons) 6. Cold War-not an actual war, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union-war of words 7. Communism (command economy)-National ownership of all production and distribution of goods and services 8. Emerging economy-A nation's economy that is progressing toward becoming advanced 9. Convergence – to come together from different directions 10. divergence-to depart from a set course or norm

4. RUSSIAN LEADERS-CZARS 1440-1500-Ivan the Great-monarchy; created Russian state; 13 th century 1700-Peter the Great-Czar; westernized Russia by building schools, libraries 1700-Catherine the Great-Czarina; expanded Russian border; westernized Russia 1894-Nicholas II-last Czar of Russia;adopted constitution and formed Duma

5. RUSSIAN COMMUNIST LEADERS 1917-Vladimir Lenin-leader of the Bolsheviks; first leader of the Soviet Russia 1924-Joseph Stalin-dictator; sent many people to gulags 1953-1964-Nikita Khrushchev; Berlin Wall and Cuban Missile Crisis 1964-1982-Leonid Brezhnev

6. RUSSIAN DEMOCRACTIC REPUBLIC LEADERS 1985-1991- Mikhail Gorbachev; gave citizens the ability to speak openly; ended the Cold War and the breakdown of Berlin Wall 1991-1999-Boris Yeltsin; 1 st elected leader 1999-2008-Vladimir Putin 2008-present-Dmitry Medvedev; war with Georgia escalated tensions with U.S.