1. Earth Systems and Resources
AP Environmental Science
Trotter

2. Part 1: Lithosphere

4. Geologic Time in 24 Hours
12:00am – Earth forms
7:00am - Earliest one-celled organisms appear.
7:00am-9:00 pm- Simple, soft-bodied organisms like worms
Little past 9:00pm - Complex organisms evolve in oceans
Little past 10:00pm - Reptiles and insects first appear
Just before 11:00pm - Dinosaurs arrive
11:30pm - Dinosaurs go extinct
11:59:59 - Humans appear one second before midnight

5. NEW
Geologic Time Scale
OLD

6. EON > ERA > PERIOD > EPOCH
Divisions of Time
EON – largest division of geologic time
ERA – 2nd largest, includes two or more periods
PERIOD – 3rd largest, unit into which eras are divided
EPOCH – 4th largest, the subdivision of a period
EON > ERA > PERIOD > EPOCH

7. EONS Hadean – rocks from meteorites and moon
Archean – earliest rocks on earth form
Proterozoic – organisms with well developed cells
Phanerozoic – means “visible life”
well represented in the fossil record

8. ERAS Paleozoic – “early life” 544  244 mya
Mesozoic – “middle life”  66 mya
Cenozoic – “recent life” 66mya  present
Which one do you live in today?

9. PERIODS
PAST
PRESENT
Cambrian – Explosion of life Ordovician – 1st Vertebrates Silurian – 1st Land Plants Devonian – Age of Fish Mississippian – Winged insects Pennsylvanian – First reptiles Permian – Age of Amphibians Triassic – First Dinosaurs/Small mammals Jurassic – First Birds/Flowering Plants Cretaceous – Heyday of Dinosaurs Tertiary – Mammals Thrive Quaternary – Age of Man/Technology

10. Life Develops
We have fossils of single-celled organisms in rocks that formed 3.5 billion years ago... probably in early ocean
Primordial Ooze – water contained
the building blocks of life
Similar to present day bacteria.
About 2.5 billion years ago, simple organisms began using energy from sun to make their own food.
Photosynthesis slowly released oxygen into air.

11. Only happened twice in Earth’s history.
Mass Extinction
Occurs when many living things go extinct at the same time (Impacts plants and animals on land and in sea)
Only happened twice in Earth’s history.
1st: Between Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras
Trilobites suddenly went extinct.
2nd: Between Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras
Wiped out over half of all plant and animal groups on Earth. No dinosaurs survived

12. Most Accepted Theory

13. Plates

14. Different Plates Oceanic crust: dense & thin
Continental crust: light & thick
These crusts interact differently with each to create the many geological features on this Earth.

15. Parts of the Seafloor

16. Seafloor Spreading

18. Pangaea
Wegner proposed this concept of a supercontinent, which consumed all the landmass about 200 million years ago.
He proposed the Earth is continuously moving
Not accepted theory until 1960s.
Panthalassa: single ocean that covered the planet. ….Pacific Ocean ancestor
First Break of Pangaea caused: Laurasia and Gondwanaland

19. Continental Drift
People have been noticing how continents fit since the 1500s
1912, Alfred Wegner theorized “ Continental Drift” .
Stated that the Continents were actually drifting since the beginning.

20. Earthquakes

21. 3 Kinds of Volcanoes
Subduction Zones: Edge of plates colliding “ring of Fire”
Divergent Zones: New plate material forms when two plates diverge from each other
Iceland is a volcano formed from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Hot Spots: Leaks in spots around the crust cause volcanoes in areas other than plate boundaries. Examples: Hawaiian Islands.Currently, a new island is forming underwater and will eventually create an additional island to the Hawaiian archipelago.

22. 3 Different Classifications of Volcanoes
Extinct- no volcanic activity, no potential to erupt
Dormant- occasional small volcanic activity, and the earthquake has the potential to still erupt
Active- currently displaying volcanic activity, potential to have small or large eruptions at any time